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Class Starter
Answer the following questions:
How are the products of photosynthesis and respiration related?
What kinds of organisms undergo cellular respiration?
Objectives
•How does glycolysis produce ATP?
•How is ATP produced in aerobic respiration?
•Why is fermentation important?
Section 9.3:
Cellular Respiration
Introduction
•
The cells of most organisms transfer energy found in __________________
compounds, such as those in foods, to __________.
•
The primary fuel for cellular respiration is _____________. ____________ can be
broken down to make ATP.
•
________________ and ___________________ can also be used to make ATP,
but they are usually used for building important cell parts.
Glycolysis
- enzymes break down one ________-carbon molecule of glucose into two
_________-carbon ___________________ molecules.
•
The breaking of a sugar molecule by glycolysis results in a net gain of ______
ATP molecules.
•
This process of glycolysis is __________, or takes place without _____________.
•
Glycolysis is the only source of energy for some prokaryotes.
•
Other organisms use oxygen to release even more energy from a glucose
molecule. Metabolic processes that require oxygen are ______________.
•
In aerobic respiration, the ______________ product of glycolysis undergoes
another series of reactions to produce more _______________ molecules.
Fermentation
• To make ATP during glycolysis, NAD+ is converted to ____________.
•
Organisms must recycle NAD+ to continue making ________through glycolysis.
•
The process in which carbohydrates are broken down in the absence of oxygen is
called ____________________.
•
Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue supplying a cell with ATP in
______________ conditions.
•
lactic acid fermentation
– pyruvate is converted to _______________.
–
•
During vigorous exercise, lactic acid fermentation also occurs in the
________________ of animals, including humans.
alcoholic fermentation
– one enzyme removes _________________ from pyruvate. A second
enzyme converts the remaining compound to ______________, recycling
NAD+ in the process.
Aerobic Respiration
• Organisms such as humans can use ______________ to produce _______
efficiently through aerobic respiration.
•
The first stage of aerobic respiration is the ___________________, a series of
reactions that produce electron carriers.
•
The electron carriers enter an electron transport chain, which powers
______________ ___________________.
•
Up to ________ATP molecules can be produced from one _____________
molecule in aerobic respiration.
Krebs Cycle
• Pyruvate (from ____________________) is broken down and combined with
other carbon compounds.
•
Each time the carbon-carbon bonds are rearranged during the Krebs cycle,
______________ is released.
•
The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs cycle
is ______________, _________________, and _________________.
Electron Transport Chain
• The second stage of aerobic respiration takes place in the inner membranes of
____________________, where ATP synthase enzymes are located.
•
Electron carriers, produced during the _____________________, transfer energy
through the electron transport chain.
•
Energy from the electrons is used to ___________________ transport
__________________ ions out of the inner mitochondrial compartment.
•
Hydrogen ions ____________________ through ____________________,
providing energy to produce several ATP molecules from __________.
•
At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with an
____________________atom and two hydrogen ions to form two __________
molecules.
•
If oxygen is not present, the electron transport chain _________. The electron
carriers are not recycled, so the _________________ also stops.
Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
• In the first stage of cellular respiration, ________________ is broken down to
________________ during ________________, an ________________ process.
•
Glycolysis results in a net gain of ______ATP molecules for each glucose
molecule that is broken down.
•
In the second stage, pyruvate either passes through the _________________ or
undergoes ___________________
– Fermentation recycles __________ but does not produce _____________.
•
Cells release energy most efficiently when ________________ is present because
they make most of their ATP during ______________ respiration.
•
For each glucose molecule that is broken down, as many as ______ ATP
molecules are made during the Krebs cycle.
•
The Krebs cycle feeds _____________ and __________________ to the electron
transport chain, which can produce up to ____________ ATP molecules.
Summary
•
The breaking of a sugar molecule by glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP
molecules.
•
The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs cycle
is one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2.
Electron carriers transfer energy through the electron transport chain, which
ultimately powers ATP synthase.
•
•
Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue supplying a cell with ATP in
anaerobic conditions.