Kevin Ahern's Biochemistry (BB 450/550) at Oregon State University
... UDP-glucose), are ACTIVATED. Activated carriers contain a high energy between themselves (such as CoA) and the molecule they are carrying (acetyl group). The high energy of their bond is used to make possible the reaction where the molecule being carried is donated to a larger molecule. 2. There are ...
... UDP-glucose), are ACTIVATED. Activated carriers contain a high energy between themselves (such as CoA) and the molecule they are carrying (acetyl group). The high energy of their bond is used to make possible the reaction where the molecule being carried is donated to a larger molecule. 2. There are ...
Citric acid cycle
... The equilibrium of this reaction lies far to the left under standard conditions. In cells, the concentration of OAA is extremely low (<10–6 M), pulling the malate dehydrogenase reaction towards the formation of OAA. ...
... The equilibrium of this reaction lies far to the left under standard conditions. In cells, the concentration of OAA is extremely low (<10–6 M), pulling the malate dehydrogenase reaction towards the formation of OAA. ...
9.3 student notes
... • The cells of most organisms transfer energy found in organic compounds, such as those in foods, to ATP. • The primary fuel for cellular respiration is glucose. Fats can be broken down to make ATP. • Proteins and nucleic acids can also be used to make ATP, but they are usually used for building imp ...
... • The cells of most organisms transfer energy found in organic compounds, such as those in foods, to ATP. • The primary fuel for cellular respiration is glucose. Fats can be broken down to make ATP. • Proteins and nucleic acids can also be used to make ATP, but they are usually used for building imp ...
Why Fermentation
... the absence of oxygen Glycolysis and fermentation together only produces 2 ATP. This is not efficient!! ...
... the absence of oxygen Glycolysis and fermentation together only produces 2 ATP. This is not efficient!! ...
Aerobic Respiration
... • Citric acid cycle – a series of eight reactions that further breaks down the end product of glycolysis (acetyl CoA) to carbon dioxide ...
... • Citric acid cycle – a series of eight reactions that further breaks down the end product of glycolysis (acetyl CoA) to carbon dioxide ...
Chapter 9 - Slothnet
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP ...
Chemical Level of Organization
... • Smaller carbos are water soluble because of polar covalent bond between C & H and O Lipids • Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, vitamins A, D, E and K, fatty acids, lipoproteins, and eicosanoids • Have few polar covalent bonds (less oxygen) and are thus hydrophobic Triglycerides • Most plenti ...
... • Smaller carbos are water soluble because of polar covalent bond between C & H and O Lipids • Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, vitamins A, D, E and K, fatty acids, lipoproteins, and eicosanoids • Have few polar covalent bonds (less oxygen) and are thus hydrophobic Triglycerides • Most plenti ...
Altering enzyme activities using chemical modification Claire Louise
... ways of inserting these non-canonical amino acids: either by genetic incorporation or by post-translational modification. Major advances in engineering new enzyme activities have been made by site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution, however these methods are restricted to the use of the twe ...
... ways of inserting these non-canonical amino acids: either by genetic incorporation or by post-translational modification. Major advances in engineering new enzyme activities have been made by site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution, however these methods are restricted to the use of the twe ...
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
... A) All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) In the presence of malonate, one would expect succinate to accumulate. C) Oxaloacetate is used as a substrate but is not consumed in the cycle. D) Succinat ...
... A) All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) In the presence of malonate, one would expect succinate to accumulate. C) Oxaloacetate is used as a substrate but is not consumed in the cycle. D) Succinat ...
Medical Biochemistry: Course content 2016/2017
... names, structural formulas for understanding, names of enzymes and coenzymes. ATPconsuming steps, ATP-producing steps = substrate level phosphorylations, redox reactions (aerobically and anaerobically, respectively). Energy balance for glycolysis. ATP-production under aerobic and anaerobic condition ...
... names, structural formulas for understanding, names of enzymes and coenzymes. ATPconsuming steps, ATP-producing steps = substrate level phosphorylations, redox reactions (aerobically and anaerobically, respectively). Energy balance for glycolysis. ATP-production under aerobic and anaerobic condition ...
Cell Respiration
... Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD +, forming NADH. ...
... Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD +, forming NADH. ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy
... Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD +, forming NADH. ...
... Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD +, forming NADH. ...
Lab 7 PPT - Dr Magrann
... • During glycolysis, we have to get rid of a hydrogen (H+), but almost no one wants to carry that burden. • There is a guy named NAD who is willing to accept this burden. When he takes on the H+, he is reduced. If his H+ burden is removed by someone else, he feels good, and is oxidized! • All of NAD ...
... • During glycolysis, we have to get rid of a hydrogen (H+), but almost no one wants to carry that burden. • There is a guy named NAD who is willing to accept this burden. When he takes on the H+, he is reduced. If his H+ burden is removed by someone else, he feels good, and is oxidized! • All of NAD ...
Chapter 3 Review Questions
... 1. Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules? A. It forms short, simple carbon chains. B. It forms large, complex, diverse molecules. C. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. D. It forms covalent bonds that ...
... 1. Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules? A. It forms short, simple carbon chains. B. It forms large, complex, diverse molecules. C. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. D. It forms covalent bonds that ...
Problem set 7 - Review for final
... 21. The follwoing figure shows the first fix reactions of glycolysis. Name these steps. How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis (overall)? ...
... 21. The follwoing figure shows the first fix reactions of glycolysis. Name these steps. How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis (overall)? ...
g. ¶I - wwphs
... Three or more amino acids joined in a linear chain ,.z A polypeptide chain, or part of it, that has become organized as a structurally stable unit d.-Twists, bends, loops, and folds of a new polypeptide chain; hydrogen bonds between R groups make some stretches of amino acids coil, and other regions ...
... Three or more amino acids joined in a linear chain ,.z A polypeptide chain, or part of it, that has become organized as a structurally stable unit d.-Twists, bends, loops, and folds of a new polypeptide chain; hydrogen bonds between R groups make some stretches of amino acids coil, and other regions ...
Jennifer Atkinson October 14, 2013 HUN 3230 Section 81944
... begins with the two-carbon Acetyl CoA and the four-carbon oxaloacetic acid to make a sixcarbon citric acid molecule. The citric acid then goes through a series of reactions where NAD+ is hydrogenated to make NADH, ADP is used to make ATP, and two carbon dioxide molecules are released. Since the two ...
... begins with the two-carbon Acetyl CoA and the four-carbon oxaloacetic acid to make a sixcarbon citric acid molecule. The citric acid then goes through a series of reactions where NAD+ is hydrogenated to make NADH, ADP is used to make ATP, and two carbon dioxide molecules are released. Since the two ...
8/27 Organic Chemistry
... • Chemical formula = [CH2O]N (multiples of CH2O) • e.g., C6H12O6 = glucose • Carbohydrates have many functions • Structural components of molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA), cells and tissues – cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on earth – we cannot digest it, but it is an important part of ou ...
... • Chemical formula = [CH2O]N (multiples of CH2O) • e.g., C6H12O6 = glucose • Carbohydrates have many functions • Structural components of molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA), cells and tissues – cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on earth – we cannot digest it, but it is an important part of ou ...
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecul ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecul ...
Slide 1
... other mitochondrial uncoupling proteins) which are activated by calcium coming in through the calcium uniporter. Also note that electron carriers can autooxidize directly to oxygen, creating oxygen radicals (Co-Q is the major site of autooxidation) with as much as 5% of resting oxygen use due to thi ...
... other mitochondrial uncoupling proteins) which are activated by calcium coming in through the calcium uniporter. Also note that electron carriers can autooxidize directly to oxygen, creating oxygen radicals (Co-Q is the major site of autooxidation) with as much as 5% of resting oxygen use due to thi ...
BIO 315 Exam I (F2014)
... 2) Use the word bank to fill in the blanks in the description of life span extending effects. (7 pt) Destructive superoxide free radicals are an unwanted by-product of aerobic metabolism. They result from the escape of singlet electrons from the Electron Transport Chain of mitochondria during oxidat ...
... 2) Use the word bank to fill in the blanks in the description of life span extending effects. (7 pt) Destructive superoxide free radicals are an unwanted by-product of aerobic metabolism. They result from the escape of singlet electrons from the Electron Transport Chain of mitochondria during oxidat ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.