Catabolism of Carbon Skeletons of AAs1.06 MB
... • The pathways of amino acid catabolism normally accounts for only 10-15% of human body's energy production. • 20 catabolic pathways converge to form only 6 major products, all of which enter citric acid cycle. • From there, C skeletons are diverted to gluconeogenesis or ketogenesis or are complete ...
... • The pathways of amino acid catabolism normally accounts for only 10-15% of human body's energy production. • 20 catabolic pathways converge to form only 6 major products, all of which enter citric acid cycle. • From there, C skeletons are diverted to gluconeogenesis or ketogenesis or are complete ...
Overview of Aerobic Respiration
... Coenzymes NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and H+ to electron transfer chains Active transport forms a H+ concentration gradient in the outer mitochondrial compartment H+ follows its gradient through ATP synthase, which attaches a phosphate to ADP Finally, oxygen accepts electrons and combine ...
... Coenzymes NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and H+ to electron transfer chains Active transport forms a H+ concentration gradient in the outer mitochondrial compartment H+ follows its gradient through ATP synthase, which attaches a phosphate to ADP Finally, oxygen accepts electrons and combine ...
biochem 31 [3-20
... a. Pyruvate is first converted into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase. Other intermediates of the TCA cycle can also be converted to oxaloacetate, so they enter the cycle here. Oxaloacetate cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane so is converted into one of three things that can: PEP (by mitochon ...
... a. Pyruvate is first converted into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase. Other intermediates of the TCA cycle can also be converted to oxaloacetate, so they enter the cycle here. Oxaloacetate cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane so is converted into one of three things that can: PEP (by mitochon ...
Assignment Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 1
... An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon, 11.63% hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. The molecular mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce Tollen’s reagent but forms an addition compound with sodium hydrogen sulphite and gives a positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it gives ethanoic a ...
... An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon, 11.63% hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. The molecular mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce Tollen’s reagent but forms an addition compound with sodium hydrogen sulphite and gives a positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it gives ethanoic a ...
CHAPTER 9
... Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytopla ...
... Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytopla ...
Science 9 Environmental Chemistry Chemicals in the Environment
... Wastewater left untreated becomes a breeding ground for harmful bacteria The treatment process involves three stages: , biological and chemical 1) Physical: 2) Biological: sewage material is by the action of 3) Chemical: are added to remove and Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil and natural gas are calle ...
... Wastewater left untreated becomes a breeding ground for harmful bacteria The treatment process involves three stages: , biological and chemical 1) Physical: 2) Biological: sewage material is by the action of 3) Chemical: are added to remove and Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil and natural gas are calle ...
26.5 Cotobolism of smino ocids
... metabolism and the economy of nature. By using a single, central pathway for the metabolism of sugars, fats, and amino acids, the cell greatly decreasesthe number of enzymes and chemical steps that otherwise might be required to accomplishthe sametask. Cells have priorities for the utilization of am ...
... metabolism and the economy of nature. By using a single, central pathway for the metabolism of sugars, fats, and amino acids, the cell greatly decreasesthe number of enzymes and chemical steps that otherwise might be required to accomplishthe sametask. Cells have priorities for the utilization of am ...
Macromolecules in Organisms
... Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms. Fats are made of a glycerol (alcohol) and three fat ...
... Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms. Fats are made of a glycerol (alcohol) and three fat ...
01 P⁄g. iniciales (Page 1)
... of two CO2 (or CO) molecules to form a two-carbon compound, from which reduced organic components are formed by nonautotrophic or anaplerotic carboxylation processes and other typical heterotrophic reactions [48]. The first reaction in this pathway is the reduction of carbon dioxide to CH3, which re ...
... of two CO2 (or CO) molecules to form a two-carbon compound, from which reduced organic components are formed by nonautotrophic or anaplerotic carboxylation processes and other typical heterotrophic reactions [48]. The first reaction in this pathway is the reduction of carbon dioxide to CH3, which re ...
A closer look at cellular respiration
... In preparation for the Krebs cycle enzymes convert pyruvate into a 2-‐carbon molecule. This process releases a molecule of carbon dioxide. Next, the 2-‐carbon molecule combines with a 4-‐carbon molecu ...
... In preparation for the Krebs cycle enzymes convert pyruvate into a 2-‐carbon molecule. This process releases a molecule of carbon dioxide. Next, the 2-‐carbon molecule combines with a 4-‐carbon molecu ...
Fermentations
... Pasteur's usage, that "fermentation" means "life without air" required revision after the discovery of anaerobic respiration. The current definition of fermentation, intended to distinguish fermentation from anaerobic respiration, is that it is a chemoorganotrophic metabolism in which the electrons ...
... Pasteur's usage, that "fermentation" means "life without air" required revision after the discovery of anaerobic respiration. The current definition of fermentation, intended to distinguish fermentation from anaerobic respiration, is that it is a chemoorganotrophic metabolism in which the electrons ...
Chapter 24_CHEM 131
... mobilization when body cells need fatty acids for energy. • Fat mobilization entails the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol which then enter the bloodstream. • In blood, mobilized fatty acids form a lipoprotein with the plasma protein called serum albumin. • Fatty acids ...
... mobilization when body cells need fatty acids for energy. • Fat mobilization entails the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol which then enter the bloodstream. • In blood, mobilized fatty acids form a lipoprotein with the plasma protein called serum albumin. • Fatty acids ...
CHAPTER 26: Lipid Metabolism - Richest energy source
... ppl must drink a lot of water to accommodate for the extra ketone bodies they are excreting) - Acidosis – ketone bodies are acidic, buildup of acid in blood is acidosis. Interferes with hemoglobin oxygen transport; feeling of lethargy, irritability, loss of apetite - Mammals can convert carbohydrate ...
... ppl must drink a lot of water to accommodate for the extra ketone bodies they are excreting) - Acidosis – ketone bodies are acidic, buildup of acid in blood is acidosis. Interferes with hemoglobin oxygen transport; feeling of lethargy, irritability, loss of apetite - Mammals can convert carbohydrate ...
CHAPTER 26: Lipid Metabolism
... ppl must drink a lot of water to accommodate for the extra ketone bodies they are excreting) - Acidosis – ketone bodies are acidic, buildup of acid in blood is acidosis. Interferes with hemoglobin oxygen transport; feeling of lethargy, irritability, loss of apetite - Mammals can convert carbohydrate ...
... ppl must drink a lot of water to accommodate for the extra ketone bodies they are excreting) - Acidosis – ketone bodies are acidic, buildup of acid in blood is acidosis. Interferes with hemoglobin oxygen transport; feeling of lethargy, irritability, loss of apetite - Mammals can convert carbohydrate ...
Cellular Respiration
... Heart attack – blood can’t flow to pick up oxygen – without oxygen you can’t make ATP – you die Gunshot – If you are shot in the lungs they can’t bring in oxygen – without oxygen you can’t make ATP – you die Diabetes – Your cells can’t get glucose inside of them – If your cells can’t get gluc ...
... Heart attack – blood can’t flow to pick up oxygen – without oxygen you can’t make ATP – you die Gunshot – If you are shot in the lungs they can’t bring in oxygen – without oxygen you can’t make ATP – you die Diabetes – Your cells can’t get glucose inside of them – If your cells can’t get gluc ...
STEM_Midterm Study Guide_2017
... Describe what happens during the light-dependent reaction Describe what happens during the light-independent reaction Difference between photosystem I and photosystem II Where does the electron transport chain (in photosynthesis) get electrons? What is the sun’s role in photosynthesis? W ...
... Describe what happens during the light-dependent reaction Describe what happens during the light-independent reaction Difference between photosystem I and photosystem II Where does the electron transport chain (in photosynthesis) get electrons? What is the sun’s role in photosynthesis? W ...
Preview Sample 1
... strenuous activity. c. Glycogen is a major energy source for migrating salmon. d. Glycogen is stored in the fat-body of insects. e. Aerobic metabolism of glycogen can yield at least 30 molecules of ATP. ...
... strenuous activity. c. Glycogen is a major energy source for migrating salmon. d. Glycogen is stored in the fat-body of insects. e. Aerobic metabolism of glycogen can yield at least 30 molecules of ATP. ...
Document
... • Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP from products of glycolysis, Krebs. • Electron transport chain = protein complexes with ...
... • Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP from products of glycolysis, Krebs. • Electron transport chain = protein complexes with ...
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... molecules of CO2. However, the carbon atoms leaving the cycle correspond to carbon atoms that entered in the previous cycle; there is a one-cycle delay between the entry of two carbon atoms as an acetyl unit and their release as CO2. 4. In each complete cycle, four oxidation-reduction reactions prod ...
... molecules of CO2. However, the carbon atoms leaving the cycle correspond to carbon atoms that entered in the previous cycle; there is a one-cycle delay between the entry of two carbon atoms as an acetyl unit and their release as CO2. 4. In each complete cycle, four oxidation-reduction reactions prod ...
BioN08 Metabolism of lipids Summer 2015
... Use of ketone bodies (important) • The skeletal muscles of a well fed and healthy person derive a small portion of their daily energy needs from acetoacetate. • Heart muscles prefer ketone bodies over glucose when fatty acids are in short supply. • When energy production from glucose is inadequate ...
... Use of ketone bodies (important) • The skeletal muscles of a well fed and healthy person derive a small portion of their daily energy needs from acetoacetate. • Heart muscles prefer ketone bodies over glucose when fatty acids are in short supply. • When energy production from glucose is inadequate ...
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... The goal of this course is to learn about general aspects of biochemical pathways from the perspective of the chemical principles and chemical reactions. We will cover: 1. Biochemical structures. We will study detailed aspects of the three-dimensional structure of proteins, and how this translates i ...
... The goal of this course is to learn about general aspects of biochemical pathways from the perspective of the chemical principles and chemical reactions. We will cover: 1. Biochemical structures. We will study detailed aspects of the three-dimensional structure of proteins, and how this translates i ...
gluconeogenesis
... The brain alone requires about 120 g of glucose each day—more than half of all the glucose stored as glycogen in muscle and liver. However, the supply of glucose from these stores is not always sufficient; between meals and during longer fasts, or after vigorous exercise, glycogen is depleted. For t ...
... The brain alone requires about 120 g of glucose each day—more than half of all the glucose stored as glycogen in muscle and liver. However, the supply of glucose from these stores is not always sufficient; between meals and during longer fasts, or after vigorous exercise, glycogen is depleted. For t ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.