Energy Systems
... b) Two-carbon acetyl groups enter Citric Acid Cycle c) Oxidation produces NADH ...
... b) Two-carbon acetyl groups enter Citric Acid Cycle c) Oxidation produces NADH ...
ATP, Photosynthesis and Respiration
... e- from double bonds in the head of ChloroA become energized and move to a higher energy level. They are captured by a primary electron acceptor. Photolysis: H2O gets split apart into 2 e- , 2 H+, and one oxygen atom.. The ereplace those lost by ChloroA. 2 oxygen molecules combine and is released in ...
... e- from double bonds in the head of ChloroA become energized and move to a higher energy level. They are captured by a primary electron acceptor. Photolysis: H2O gets split apart into 2 e- , 2 H+, and one oxygen atom.. The ereplace those lost by ChloroA. 2 oxygen molecules combine and is released in ...
b. Ketogenic amino acids
... Unlike fats and carbohydrates, amino acids are not stored by the body, that is, no protein exist whose sole function it is to maintain a supply of amino acids for future use. Therefore, amino acids must be obtained from the diet, synthesized denovo, or produced from normal protein degradation. - The ...
... Unlike fats and carbohydrates, amino acids are not stored by the body, that is, no protein exist whose sole function it is to maintain a supply of amino acids for future use. Therefore, amino acids must be obtained from the diet, synthesized denovo, or produced from normal protein degradation. - The ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acyl-CoA. In order to activate bicarbonate, an acylCoA must be bound to an allosteric binding site of the enzyme. The second half of the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the nucleophilic attack of the pyruvate enolate on N-carboxybiotin, is not affected ...
... Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acyl-CoA. In order to activate bicarbonate, an acylCoA must be bound to an allosteric binding site of the enzyme. The second half of the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the nucleophilic attack of the pyruvate enolate on N-carboxybiotin, is not affected ...
Fermentation - cloudfront.net
... Steps? Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain Glycolysis: -- In the cytoplasm -- Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate -- 2 ATP created ...
... Steps? Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain Glycolysis: -- In the cytoplasm -- Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate -- 2 ATP created ...
Slide 1
... Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Determines inherited characteristics Directs protein synthesis Controls enzyme production Controls metabolism ...
... Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Determines inherited characteristics Directs protein synthesis Controls enzyme production Controls metabolism ...
Lecture_7
... Uncouplers, such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, carry protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electrontransport chain functions, but ATP synthesis does not occur because the proton gradient can never form. Inhibition of the ATP-ADP translocase prevents oxidative phosphorylation. ...
... Uncouplers, such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, carry protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electrontransport chain functions, but ATP synthesis does not occur because the proton gradient can never form. Inhibition of the ATP-ADP translocase prevents oxidative phosphorylation. ...
Appendices 1-5
... the ubiquinol-cytochrome C oxidoreductase (complex III). Uqcrc1 may mediate formation of the complex between cytochromes C and C1. 7) Cytochrome C oxidase VIIa 1 (Cox7a1) is also one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome C oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron trans ...
... the ubiquinol-cytochrome C oxidoreductase (complex III). Uqcrc1 may mediate formation of the complex between cytochromes C and C1. 7) Cytochrome C oxidase VIIa 1 (Cox7a1) is also one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome C oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron trans ...
File
... 52) Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane. Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane. What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin? A) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both dec ...
... 52) Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane. Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane. What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin? A) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both dec ...
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism:
... by release of glucose from the liver (glycogen) • As we run out of glycogen we maintain the blood glucose level by making glucose from amino acids (protein) and other compounds • The energy to make glucose comes from burning fatty acids, which also generates ketones that are used as an alternative ...
... by release of glucose from the liver (glycogen) • As we run out of glycogen we maintain the blood glucose level by making glucose from amino acids (protein) and other compounds • The energy to make glucose comes from burning fatty acids, which also generates ketones that are used as an alternative ...
Review 1 - Allen ISD
... with one phosphate group, is formed. c. Energy is released, which can be used by the cell. d. Energy is lost in the process. ...
... with one phosphate group, is formed. c. Energy is released, which can be used by the cell. d. Energy is lost in the process. ...
nucleic acids
... with one phosphate group, is formed. c. Energy is released, which can be used by the cell. d. Energy is lost in the process. ...
... with one phosphate group, is formed. c. Energy is released, which can be used by the cell. d. Energy is lost in the process. ...
Biochemistry - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... by addition of a water molecule one molecule gets an H+ & one gets OH – It is used to turn ATP into ADP ...
... by addition of a water molecule one molecule gets an H+ & one gets OH – It is used to turn ATP into ADP ...
cellular-respiration 1
... a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of the protein carriers are cytochrome molecules, complex carbon rings with a heme (iron) group in t ...
... a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of the protein carriers are cytochrome molecules, complex carbon rings with a heme (iron) group in t ...
O 2
... formula shows glucose, but that is just an example could be other sugars, fats or proteins ...
... formula shows glucose, but that is just an example could be other sugars, fats or proteins ...
BI 200 - Exam #2
... 23. In eukaryotic mitochondria enzymes of the Krebs cycle are found in the _________ and components of the electron transport chain are associated with the ____________. a. cristae; matrix b. cytoplasm; cristae c. matrix; cristae d. none of the above – eukaryotes don’t have mitochondria 24. In chem ...
... 23. In eukaryotic mitochondria enzymes of the Krebs cycle are found in the _________ and components of the electron transport chain are associated with the ____________. a. cristae; matrix b. cytoplasm; cristae c. matrix; cristae d. none of the above – eukaryotes don’t have mitochondria 24. In chem ...
Chapter 10- Photosynthesis
... c. Atmospheric air- provides carbon dioxide - The reactions take place in the stroma of chloroplasts and are not dependent on sunlight directly. B. Calvin-Benson Cycle - Light energy is now stored as chemical energy in organic compounds. - The cyclic pathway operates as follows: a. Carbon dioxide (C ...
... c. Atmospheric air- provides carbon dioxide - The reactions take place in the stroma of chloroplasts and are not dependent on sunlight directly. B. Calvin-Benson Cycle - Light energy is now stored as chemical energy in organic compounds. - The cyclic pathway operates as follows: a. Carbon dioxide (C ...
2.3 Biomolecules Hon
... Organic: contains carbon and hydrogen ◦ All living things contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) Monomer: created when C,H,O, N, P bond together to form small molecules Polymer: large compounds that are formed by joining monomers together ...
... Organic: contains carbon and hydrogen ◦ All living things contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) Monomer: created when C,H,O, N, P bond together to form small molecules Polymer: large compounds that are formed by joining monomers together ...
Exercise 5
... construct a molecule of oxaloacetate (see page 553). Do not label these carbons. Perform the sequence of reactions in the citric acid cycle (reactions 1 through 8 on page 553). Do not worry about the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD; what you are doing is tracing the fate of the carbon atoms in the or ...
... construct a molecule of oxaloacetate (see page 553). Do not label these carbons. Perform the sequence of reactions in the citric acid cycle (reactions 1 through 8 on page 553). Do not worry about the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD; what you are doing is tracing the fate of the carbon atoms in the or ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.