Download O 2

Looking back at photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + light  C6H12O6 +
energy
H2O
CO2
sunlight
ADP
Plants make both:
 ATP
 sugars
Sugar
Building
Reactions
Energy
Building
Reactions
ATP
O2
O2
sugars
C6H12O6
Cellular Respiration
Harvesting Chemical Energy
What is energy in biology?
ATP
Whoa!
Hot stuff!
“Burn fuels” to make energy
combustion
making heat energy by burning fuels in one step
fuel
(carbohydrates)
O2
CO2 + H2O + heat
respiration
making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels
in many small steps
ATP
food
(carbohydrates)
O2
CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)
Using ATP to do work?
Can’t store ATP
 too unstable
 only used in cell
that produces it
 only short term
energy storage
 carbohydrates & fats
are long term
energy storage
Whoa!
Pass me
the glucose
& oxygen!
ATP
work
ADP + P
A working muscle recycles over
10 million ATPs per second
A Body’s Energy Budget
eat
food
ATP
synthesis
storage
{
{
{
• resting energy
• activity
• temperature
control
• growth
• reproduction
• glycogen
• fat
Harvesting energy stored in food
 Cellular respiration

breaking down food to produce ATP
 in mitochondria
 using oxygen

formula shows glucose, but
that is just an example
 could be other sugars, fats or proteins
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
6O2
 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat
What do we need to make energy?
Make ATP!
 The “Furnace”
Make ATP!

All I do all day…
And no one
even notices!
mitochondria
 Fuel

food
 carbohydrates,
fats, proteins
food
 The Helpers

oxygen
 “aerobic”

enzymes
O2
ATP
Three Stages
1.
2.
3.
Glycolysis
Krebs/Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
2
Anaerobic
2
32
Aerobic
Breaking it down…
glycolysis
 Step 1 = _____________
Anaerobic
 Occurs in
cytoplasm
 Glucose in
 Pyruvate,
2 NADH, and
2 ATP out

Let’s keep on trucking…
Citric acid cycle
 Step 2 = ____________





aka Krebs cycle – the
merry-go-round of
energy!
Aerobic
Occurs in
mitochondria
Pyruvate, ATP, and
NADH in
2 ATP, carbon
dioxide, hydrogens,
and energized
electrons out
The big finale!
Electron transport chain
 Step 3 = __________________
Aerobic
 Occurs in mitochondria


Stair step release of energy from
electrons used to make 32 ATP and water
There are two types of respiration:
What if oxygen is missing?
 Can’t complete aerobic respiration
 Occurs in the cytoplasm

O2
alcohol fermentation
 yeast
 glucose  ATP + CO2+ alcohol
 make beer, wine, bread

lactic acid fermentation
 bacteria, animals
 glucose  ATP + lactic acid
 make yogurt
 animals feel muscle fatigue
but only makes a
net of 2 ATP!
The BIG picture
• Oxygen, glucose, and water in
• Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water out
How are they connected?
Respiration
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
6O2
 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Photosynthesis
carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen
dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
Energy cycle
sun
Photosynthesis
plants
CO2
glucose
H2O
animals, plants
Cellular Respiration
The Great Circle
of Life!
Where’s Mufasa?
ATP
O2
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Food synthesized
Food broken down
Energy from sun stored
in glucose
Energy of glucose
released
Carbon dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen given off
Oxygen taken in
Also produces glucose
Requires light
Also produces H2O +
ATP
Does not require light
Needs chlorophyll
Occurs in all cells
2 Pyruvic Acid
Happens in the cytoplasm !!!
Alcohol Fermentation
 Used to make bread and alcohol products

uses yeast
 Produces CO2 and alcohol
 In making bread alcohol burns off and

CO2 makes bread rise
In producing alcohols, the alcohol is used
to produce the beverage, CO2 is released
No oxygen present in some plants or fungiAnaerobic Fermentation--Alcohol Fermentation
2 Pyruvic Acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Used to make yogurt and some cheeses –
the producer of these is bacteria
OR
 When muscles are overly exerted the
oxygen is depleted in the cells. Lactic acid
then builds up in animal cells and causes
muscle fatigue and sore muscles the next
day.
No oxygen present in animals and some bacteria.
Anaerobic Fermentation--Lactic Acid Fermentation
2 Pyruvic Acid
2 Lactic Acid
We use lactic acid fermentation
 When we don’t have enough oxygen for our ATP
requirements in our muscles.
Short – bursts of energy – anaerobic exercise
 The lactic acid is what causes cramps when you
don’t stretch (increase blood flow to the muscle)
 This lactic acid has to go back to the liver where
it is turned back into glucose. Oxygen Debt –
You have to continue to breathe hard in order to
make more ATP to convert lactic acid back to
glucose.
 Important in the Fight or Flight mechanism in
animals !
Electron Transport Chain
This is our
friend NADH
Putting it all together
 Making a living…

sunlight
 leaves = solar collectors
 photosynthesis

gases: CO2 in & O2 out
 stomates = gases in & out

H2O
 roots take in water from soil
 pulled up by leaf evaporation

nutrients
 roots take in from soil
Leaf Structure
cuticle
epidermis
xylem (water)
phloem (sugar)
palisades
layer
spongy
layer
O2 H O
2
 gases in & out
 water out
 transpiration O2
CO2
stomate
H 2O
CO2
guard
cell
Stomates
 Function of stomates
CO2 in
 O2 out
 H2O out

guard cell
stomate
Xylem
carry water up from roots
Phloem: food-conducting cells
 carry sugars down to
wherever they are
needed
 Extra stored in roots
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Without Oxygen
Without Oxygen
With Oxygen
Lactic Acid(Muscle Lab)
(animals &
bacteria)
Ethanol—
Yeast & Apple Juice MiniLab-(only some fungi and
some plants)
CYTOPLASM
(2)
Pyruvic
Acid
+2 ATP
+2 ATP
+about 32 ATP
ABOUT
36 ATP !
CELLULAR AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Anaerobic Respiration
 Anaerobic = does not require oxygen
 (Fermentation) – Breaks down glucose only
partially and creates a total of 4 ATP and net of
2 ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation—animals, bacteria
 Alcoholic Fermentation—fungi like yeast, plants

 Occurs in the cytoplasm
 Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle
Aerobic Respiration
 Aerobic = requires oxygen
 Occurs in the mitochondria
 Breaks down glucose completely and creates

a total of 38 ATP and a net of 36 ATP
Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle