* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download O 2
Survey
Document related concepts
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrion wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Looking back at photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + energy H2O CO2 sunlight ADP Plants make both: ATP sugars Sugar Building Reactions Energy Building Reactions ATP O2 O2 sugars C6H12O6 Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy What is energy in biology? ATP Whoa! Hot stuff! “Burn fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step fuel (carbohydrates) O2 CO2 + H2O + heat respiration making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps ATP food (carbohydrates) O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat) Using ATP to do work? Can’t store ATP too unstable only used in cell that produces it only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen! ATP work ADP + P A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second A Body’s Energy Budget eat food ATP synthesis storage { { { • resting energy • activity • temperature control • growth • reproduction • glycogen • fat Harvesting energy stored in food Cellular respiration breaking down food to produce ATP in mitochondria using oxygen formula shows glucose, but that is just an example could be other sugars, fats or proteins glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat What do we need to make energy? Make ATP! The “Furnace” Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! mitochondria Fuel food carbohydrates, fats, proteins food The Helpers oxygen “aerobic” enzymes O2 ATP Three Stages 1. 2. 3. Glycolysis Krebs/Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain 2 Anaerobic 2 32 Aerobic Breaking it down… glycolysis Step 1 = _____________ Anaerobic Occurs in cytoplasm Glucose in Pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP out Let’s keep on trucking… Citric acid cycle Step 2 = ____________ aka Krebs cycle – the merry-go-round of energy! Aerobic Occurs in mitochondria Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH in 2 ATP, carbon dioxide, hydrogens, and energized electrons out The big finale! Electron transport chain Step 3 = __________________ Aerobic Occurs in mitochondria Stair step release of energy from electrons used to make 32 ATP and water There are two types of respiration: What if oxygen is missing? Can’t complete aerobic respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm O2 alcohol fermentation yeast glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol make beer, wine, bread lactic acid fermentation bacteria, animals glucose ATP + lactic acid make yogurt animals feel muscle fatigue but only makes a net of 2 ATP! The BIG picture • Oxygen, glucose, and water in • Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water out How are they connected? Respiration glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Photosynthesis carbon + water + energy glucose + oxygen dioxide 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Energy cycle sun Photosynthesis plants CO2 glucose H2O animals, plants Cellular Respiration The Great Circle of Life! Where’s Mufasa? ATP O2 Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Food synthesized Food broken down Energy from sun stored in glucose Energy of glucose released Carbon dioxide taken in Carbon dioxide given off Oxygen given off Oxygen taken in Also produces glucose Requires light Also produces H2O + ATP Does not require light Needs chlorophyll Occurs in all cells 2 Pyruvic Acid Happens in the cytoplasm !!! Alcohol Fermentation Used to make bread and alcohol products uses yeast Produces CO2 and alcohol In making bread alcohol burns off and CO2 makes bread rise In producing alcohols, the alcohol is used to produce the beverage, CO2 is released No oxygen present in some plants or fungiAnaerobic Fermentation--Alcohol Fermentation 2 Pyruvic Acid Lactic Acid Fermentation Used to make yogurt and some cheeses – the producer of these is bacteria OR When muscles are overly exerted the oxygen is depleted in the cells. Lactic acid then builds up in animal cells and causes muscle fatigue and sore muscles the next day. No oxygen present in animals and some bacteria. Anaerobic Fermentation--Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 Lactic Acid We use lactic acid fermentation When we don’t have enough oxygen for our ATP requirements in our muscles. Short – bursts of energy – anaerobic exercise The lactic acid is what causes cramps when you don’t stretch (increase blood flow to the muscle) This lactic acid has to go back to the liver where it is turned back into glucose. Oxygen Debt – You have to continue to breathe hard in order to make more ATP to convert lactic acid back to glucose. Important in the Fight or Flight mechanism in animals ! Electron Transport Chain This is our friend NADH Putting it all together Making a living… sunlight leaves = solar collectors photosynthesis gases: CO2 in & O2 out stomates = gases in & out H2O roots take in water from soil pulled up by leaf evaporation nutrients roots take in from soil Leaf Structure cuticle epidermis xylem (water) phloem (sugar) palisades layer spongy layer O2 H O 2 gases in & out water out transpiration O2 CO2 stomate H 2O CO2 guard cell Stomates Function of stomates CO2 in O2 out H2O out guard cell stomate Xylem carry water up from roots Phloem: food-conducting cells carry sugars down to wherever they are needed Extra stored in roots Glucose Pyruvic Acid Without Oxygen Without Oxygen With Oxygen Lactic Acid(Muscle Lab) (animals & bacteria) Ethanol— Yeast & Apple Juice MiniLab-(only some fungi and some plants) CYTOPLASM (2) Pyruvic Acid +2 ATP +2 ATP +about 32 ATP ABOUT 36 ATP ! CELLULAR AEROBIC RESPIRATION Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic = does not require oxygen (Fermentation) – Breaks down glucose only partially and creates a total of 4 ATP and net of 2 ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation—animals, bacteria Alcoholic Fermentation—fungi like yeast, plants Occurs in the cytoplasm Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle Aerobic Respiration Aerobic = requires oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria Breaks down glucose completely and creates a total of 38 ATP and a net of 36 ATP Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle