Aerobic respiration - Wesleyan
... (phosphoglyceraldehyde). Two ATP have now been invested in the reactions. ...
... (phosphoglyceraldehyde). Two ATP have now been invested in the reactions. ...
Ch1_2
... Introduction • A B C D E F Products • Whenever the overall chemical process of a metabolic pathway has to be reversed, the reverse pathway is not exactly the same as the forward pathway-some of the reactions are different in the two directions. ...
... Introduction • A B C D E F Products • Whenever the overall chemical process of a metabolic pathway has to be reversed, the reverse pathway is not exactly the same as the forward pathway-some of the reactions are different in the two directions. ...
Exam#2-`95
... 10. The purpose of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is to transport electrons and protons from cytosolic _________ to mitochondrial ____________. a. NADH, NADH b. NADH, FADH2 c. FADH2, FADH2 d. FADH2, NADH e. ADP, ATP 11. The two main sources of proton release during catabolism in skeletal muscle ar ...
... 10. The purpose of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is to transport electrons and protons from cytosolic _________ to mitochondrial ____________. a. NADH, NADH b. NADH, FADH2 c. FADH2, FADH2 d. FADH2, NADH e. ADP, ATP 11. The two main sources of proton release during catabolism in skeletal muscle ar ...
Galvanic Cells
... Thus if the ratio is low, the ln term will make a negative contribution to total G making it possible to synthesize fructose-6-phosphate. Step 3: Similar to Step 1. Step 4: Here, we see that the reaction is bit more complex in that two products are formed and can interconvert with positive G. The ...
... Thus if the ratio is low, the ln term will make a negative contribution to total G making it possible to synthesize fructose-6-phosphate. Step 3: Similar to Step 1. Step 4: Here, we see that the reaction is bit more complex in that two products are formed and can interconvert with positive G. The ...
Glycolysis I
... • Glucose is the only substrate for the brain and some skeletal muscle cells • In situations in which the glucose supply might become limiting, liver and kidney cells can indulge in regeneration of glucose from more oxidized starting materials • This process carries an energetic penalty; energy must ...
... • Glucose is the only substrate for the brain and some skeletal muscle cells • In situations in which the glucose supply might become limiting, liver and kidney cells can indulge in regeneration of glucose from more oxidized starting materials • This process carries an energetic penalty; energy must ...
chapter_14_respiration_in_plants
... (c) Glucose molecule is assumed to be the only substrate while it is assumed that no other molecule enters the pathway at intermediate stages. (d) The intermediates produced during respiration are not utilized in any other process. ...
... (c) Glucose molecule is assumed to be the only substrate while it is assumed that no other molecule enters the pathway at intermediate stages. (d) The intermediates produced during respiration are not utilized in any other process. ...
File - myrnafoxsciencespot
... anaerobic respiration yields about 5% of the aerobic respiration yield. ...
... anaerobic respiration yields about 5% of the aerobic respiration yield. ...
File E-Leraning : METABOLISME
... • In Lactic acid fermentation, the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to lactic acid. • The entire process yields a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. • The lactic acid waste products from these types of anaerobic bacteria are used to make fermented dairy products such as yogur ...
... • In Lactic acid fermentation, the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to lactic acid. • The entire process yields a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. • The lactic acid waste products from these types of anaerobic bacteria are used to make fermented dairy products such as yogur ...
Electron Transport Chain
... End Products of Glycolysis • Makes 4 ATP (2 ATP used up, net yield is 2 ATP) • 2 NADH & 2 molecules • of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) • If O2 is available to the cell - pyruvate moves into mitochondria ...
... End Products of Glycolysis • Makes 4 ATP (2 ATP used up, net yield is 2 ATP) • 2 NADH & 2 molecules • of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) • If O2 is available to the cell - pyruvate moves into mitochondria ...
normal myocardial metabolism: fueling cardiac contraction
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction. The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) reaction is a central step feeding the products of glycolysis or lactate directly into acetyl-CoA for entry into the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle. Regulation of PDH by fatty acids, for example, limits glucose entry into the Krebs ...
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction. The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) reaction is a central step feeding the products of glycolysis or lactate directly into acetyl-CoA for entry into the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle. Regulation of PDH by fatty acids, for example, limits glucose entry into the Krebs ...
Biochemistry: A Short Course
... Fats are converted into acetyl CoA, which is then processed by the citric acid cycle. Oxaloacetate, a citric acid cycle intermediate, is a precursor to glucose. However, acetyl CoA derived from fats cannot lead to the net synthesis of oxaloacetate or glucose because although two carbons enter the c ...
... Fats are converted into acetyl CoA, which is then processed by the citric acid cycle. Oxaloacetate, a citric acid cycle intermediate, is a precursor to glucose. However, acetyl CoA derived from fats cannot lead to the net synthesis of oxaloacetate or glucose because although two carbons enter the c ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... unlike ATP, it is not used as energy currency by the cell. Because there are two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules, two NADH molecules are synthesized during this step. Each 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is subsequently dephosphorylated (i.e., a phosphate is removed) by phosphoglycerate kinase into 3-p ...
... unlike ATP, it is not used as energy currency by the cell. Because there are two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules, two NADH molecules are synthesized during this step. Each 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is subsequently dephosphorylated (i.e., a phosphate is removed) by phosphoglycerate kinase into 3-p ...
Organic Molecules - Dublin City Schools
... e. All the above must be affected for the protein to be denatured ...
... e. All the above must be affected for the protein to be denatured ...
MAKEUP: Briefly discuss functions of the liver
... • Once maximal glycogen stores → glucose metabolised to pyruvate → AcetylCoA → fatty acid Cholesterol / phospholipid formation o Protein synthesis Lipoproteins - Catabolic Functions: o CHO: Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (via acetyl CoA formation from fatty acid breakdown) → maintain BSL o Fats ...
... • Once maximal glycogen stores → glucose metabolised to pyruvate → AcetylCoA → fatty acid Cholesterol / phospholipid formation o Protein synthesis Lipoproteins - Catabolic Functions: o CHO: Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (via acetyl CoA formation from fatty acid breakdown) → maintain BSL o Fats ...
NADH - Cloudfront.net
... • Glycolysis, produces 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP. • One molecule of glucose from glycolysis needs 2 turns of the Krebs to produce: • Summary: 10 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 ATP, 4 CO2. The 10 NADH and 2 FADH (both energy molecules) will drive the next stage of cellular respiration in the Electron Transp ...
... • Glycolysis, produces 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP. • One molecule of glucose from glycolysis needs 2 turns of the Krebs to produce: • Summary: 10 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 ATP, 4 CO2. The 10 NADH and 2 FADH (both energy molecules) will drive the next stage of cellular respiration in the Electron Transp ...
AP Biology Chapter 9.2016
... • The last electron acceptor at the end of the chain is oxygen. • The ½ O2 accepts the 2 electrons and, together with H+ forms water. • NADH provides electrons that have enough energy to phosphorylate approximately 2.5 ADP to 2.5 ATP. ...
... • The last electron acceptor at the end of the chain is oxygen. • The ½ O2 accepts the 2 electrons and, together with H+ forms water. • NADH provides electrons that have enough energy to phosphorylate approximately 2.5 ADP to 2.5 ATP. ...
Effect of dietary administration of lipoic acid on protein
... consequence of a triage allocation response to micronutrient shortage. 1) Episodic shortage of micronutrients were common throughout evolution. 2) natural selection favors short-term survival at the expense of long-term health when they are in conflict 3) this was achieved by allocating scarce micro ...
... consequence of a triage allocation response to micronutrient shortage. 1) Episodic shortage of micronutrients were common throughout evolution. 2) natural selection favors short-term survival at the expense of long-term health when they are in conflict 3) this was achieved by allocating scarce micro ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... • Lactate is transported to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate and then, via gluconeogenesis, to glucose. – Why would muscle transport lactate to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate? NAD+ is needed for that step, and the point of making lactate in the first place was because NAD+ was to ...
... • Lactate is transported to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate and then, via gluconeogenesis, to glucose. – Why would muscle transport lactate to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate? NAD+ is needed for that step, and the point of making lactate in the first place was because NAD+ was to ...
Metabolism: Basic concepts
... ATP has a high-phosphate group-transfer potential. Which of the following factors contributes to this? o Increase in the electrostatic repulsion of oxygens on hydrolysis of ATP o Greater resonance stabilization of ADP and Pi than of ATP o Interaction of the terminal phosphoryl group with the ribose ...
... ATP has a high-phosphate group-transfer potential. Which of the following factors contributes to this? o Increase in the electrostatic repulsion of oxygens on hydrolysis of ATP o Greater resonance stabilization of ADP and Pi than of ATP o Interaction of the terminal phosphoryl group with the ribose ...
Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration
... energy to split glucose is provided by two molecules of ATP. As glycolysis proceeds, energy is released, and the energy is used to make four molecules of ATP. As a result, there is a net gain of two ATP molecules during glycolysis. During this stage, highenergy electrons are also transferred to mol ...
... energy to split glucose is provided by two molecules of ATP. As glycolysis proceeds, energy is released, and the energy is used to make four molecules of ATP. As a result, there is a net gain of two ATP molecules during glycolysis. During this stage, highenergy electrons are also transferred to mol ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... unlike ATP, it is not used as energy currency by the cell. Because there are two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules, two NADH molecules are synthesized during this step. Each 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is subsequently dephosphorylated (i.e., a phosphate is removed) by phosphoglycerate kinase into 3-p ...
... unlike ATP, it is not used as energy currency by the cell. Because there are two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules, two NADH molecules are synthesized during this step. Each 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is subsequently dephosphorylated (i.e., a phosphate is removed) by phosphoglycerate kinase into 3-p ...
Succinate
... pp, 493-4 for description (Inner and outer membranes, matrix, cristae). Mitochondrial Electron Transport - Note that since electron transport takes place in the mitochondria, the NADH produced during glycolysis must be transported into the matrix. Since the inner membrane is impermeable to NADH only ...
... pp, 493-4 for description (Inner and outer membranes, matrix, cristae). Mitochondrial Electron Transport - Note that since electron transport takes place in the mitochondria, the NADH produced during glycolysis must be transported into the matrix. Since the inner membrane is impermeable to NADH only ...
AMINOACID METABOLISM
... Thus GLUTAMATE serves as ‘COLLECTION CENTRE’ for amino groups in the biological system. GDH can utilise NAD or NADP. * This reaction is important as it reversibly links glutamate metabolism with TCA CYCLE through α Ketoglutarate. GDH – regulated allosterically – GTP & ATP inhibits & viceversa ...
... Thus GLUTAMATE serves as ‘COLLECTION CENTRE’ for amino groups in the biological system. GDH can utilise NAD or NADP. * This reaction is important as it reversibly links glutamate metabolism with TCA CYCLE through α Ketoglutarate. GDH – regulated allosterically – GTP & ATP inhibits & viceversa ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.