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... The NADH and FADH2 formed in glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are energy-rich molecules because each contains a pair of electrons having a high transfer potential. When these electrons are used to reduce molecular oxygen to water, a large amount of free energy is liberated ...
... The NADH and FADH2 formed in glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are energy-rich molecules because each contains a pair of electrons having a high transfer potential. When these electrons are used to reduce molecular oxygen to water, a large amount of free energy is liberated ...
www.XtremePapers.com
... Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on the Answer Sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you. There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider correct and re ...
... Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on the Answer Sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you. There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider correct and re ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
... other proteins, such as Amt. When Mg-ATP was found in the binding pocket of the protein the T-loop was found in the compact form folded closely to the body of the GlnK1 protein. It was found that this compact formation would not occur simply in the presence of Mg, ATP or 2-KG alone but when the thre ...
... other proteins, such as Amt. When Mg-ATP was found in the binding pocket of the protein the T-loop was found in the compact form folded closely to the body of the GlnK1 protein. It was found that this compact formation would not occur simply in the presence of Mg, ATP or 2-KG alone but when the thre ...
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 P Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4
... On the other hand a high carbohydrate diet provides faster restoration of muscle glycogen. Even though, however, complete recovery of glycogen stores takes about 2 days. ...
... On the other hand a high carbohydrate diet provides faster restoration of muscle glycogen. Even though, however, complete recovery of glycogen stores takes about 2 days. ...
RedOx notes:
... If the substance is ionic, are there any monoatomic ions present? Which elements have specific rules? Which element(s) do(es) not have rules? Use rule 8 or 9 from above to calculate these. ...
... If the substance is ionic, are there any monoatomic ions present? Which elements have specific rules? Which element(s) do(es) not have rules? Use rule 8 or 9 from above to calculate these. ...
Influence of Culture Eh on the Growth and Metabolism of the Rumen
... Culture media. Sel. ruminantium 2108 and Strep. bovis ES1, isolated for their ability to grow in medium free from amino N, were grown in the same simple defined medium as that used previously (Wallace, 1978), containing glucose as sole source of carbon and ammonia as sole source of nitrogen, except ...
... Culture media. Sel. ruminantium 2108 and Strep. bovis ES1, isolated for their ability to grow in medium free from amino N, were grown in the same simple defined medium as that used previously (Wallace, 1978), containing glucose as sole source of carbon and ammonia as sole source of nitrogen, except ...
Basic Principle in Plant Physiology
... •Amino acids released from protein turnover can be resynthesized into proteins. •Excess amino acids are degraded into specific compounds that can be used in other metabolic pathways. •This process begins with the removal of the amino group, which can be converted to urea and excreted. •The a-ketoids ...
... •Amino acids released from protein turnover can be resynthesized into proteins. •Excess amino acids are degraded into specific compounds that can be used in other metabolic pathways. •This process begins with the removal of the amino group, which can be converted to urea and excreted. •The a-ketoids ...
Metabolic fate of amino acid
... • Extracellular, membrane-associated, and long-lived intracellular proteins are degraded in cellular organelles termed lysosomes by ATP- independent processes. • By contrast, degradation of abnormal and other occurs in the cystol. ...
... • Extracellular, membrane-associated, and long-lived intracellular proteins are degraded in cellular organelles termed lysosomes by ATP- independent processes. • By contrast, degradation of abnormal and other occurs in the cystol. ...
Biochemistry 2EE3 Metabolism and Physiological Chemistry 2002
... Biochemistry 2EE3 Metabolism and Physiological Chemistry 2002 Course Outline Instructor: Dr. Boris S. Zhorov (HSC-4H29, ext. 22049; E- mail: [email protected]) Purpose: To provide a brief introduction to proteins, enzymes and gene expression followed by a more detailed treatment of energy and inter ...
... Biochemistry 2EE3 Metabolism and Physiological Chemistry 2002 Course Outline Instructor: Dr. Boris S. Zhorov (HSC-4H29, ext. 22049; E- mail: [email protected]) Purpose: To provide a brief introduction to proteins, enzymes and gene expression followed by a more detailed treatment of energy and inter ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... General metabolic information tells us that most reactions require energy sources like ATP, redox acceptors/donors like NAD, and acyl carriers like CoA. Although the organism may be able to synthesize these compounds, they are required to bootstrap the entire metabolism — including sometimes their o ...
... General metabolic information tells us that most reactions require energy sources like ATP, redox acceptors/donors like NAD, and acyl carriers like CoA. Although the organism may be able to synthesize these compounds, they are required to bootstrap the entire metabolism — including sometimes their o ...
Calvin Cycle Flux, Pathway Constraints, and
... those described for [1-13C]acetate (7). For example, fully labeled serine was a pattern uniquely generated by the Calvin cycle as it assimilated 13CO2 originating from the 13C-carboxyl groups of the organic substrate. Conversely, metabolism of [2,4-13C]butyrate resulted in the liberation of unlabele ...
... those described for [1-13C]acetate (7). For example, fully labeled serine was a pattern uniquely generated by the Calvin cycle as it assimilated 13CO2 originating from the 13C-carboxyl groups of the organic substrate. Conversely, metabolism of [2,4-13C]butyrate resulted in the liberation of unlabele ...
Section 2-3: Carbon Compounds (p. 44-48)
... and animals. These foods provide consumers with the materials they need to make their own carbon-base molecules. ...
... and animals. These foods provide consumers with the materials they need to make their own carbon-base molecules. ...
Lipid metabolism
... • From palmitoyl CoA to acetyl CoA: Acyl CoA dehydrogenase 7 FADH2 Beta-OH dehydrogenase 7 NADH • From 8 acetyl CoA • Total energy yield ATP are used for activation of FA Hence net gain of ATP ...
... • From palmitoyl CoA to acetyl CoA: Acyl CoA dehydrogenase 7 FADH2 Beta-OH dehydrogenase 7 NADH • From 8 acetyl CoA • Total energy yield ATP are used for activation of FA Hence net gain of ATP ...
Student Exploration: Cell Energy Cycle
... Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, cellular respiration, chemical energy, chlorophyll, chloroplast, cytoplasm, glucose, glycolysis, mitochondria, photosynthesis, radiant energy Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. What does a plant need to survive ...
... Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, cellular respiration, chemical energy, chlorophyll, chloroplast, cytoplasm, glucose, glycolysis, mitochondria, photosynthesis, radiant energy Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. What does a plant need to survive ...
Chapter 3
... • In cells, often involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons – Hydrogen atom contains one electron – A molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron and, therefore, is oxidized © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ...
... • In cells, often involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons – Hydrogen atom contains one electron – A molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron and, therefore, is oxidized © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ...
gluconeogenesis
... sucrose in germinating seeds begins in glyoxysomes, which produce succinate and export it to mitochondria. There it is converted to oxaloacetate by enzymes of the citric acid cycle. ...
... sucrose in germinating seeds begins in glyoxysomes, which produce succinate and export it to mitochondria. There it is converted to oxaloacetate by enzymes of the citric acid cycle. ...
The Nature of the Hydrogen Bond and its Application Towards
... - Charges flow through the X–H sigma bonds. The net result is an overall strengthening of both sigma bonds by ~ 20% - This effect drives the clustering of polar groups (e.g. carbohydrates) - Anticooperativity ...
... - Charges flow through the X–H sigma bonds. The net result is an overall strengthening of both sigma bonds by ~ 20% - This effect drives the clustering of polar groups (e.g. carbohydrates) - Anticooperativity ...
Introduction to amino acid metabolism Overview - Rose
... nitrogen by transfer of organic nitrogen from one amino acid to another. In amino acid metabolism, the most common nitrogen donor is glutamate, and the most common acceptor is a-ketoglutarate. This is logical, since glutamate is a direct link (via glutamate dehydrogenase) to inorganic ammonium. In s ...
... nitrogen by transfer of organic nitrogen from one amino acid to another. In amino acid metabolism, the most common nitrogen donor is glutamate, and the most common acceptor is a-ketoglutarate. This is logical, since glutamate is a direct link (via glutamate dehydrogenase) to inorganic ammonium. In s ...
Midterm #2 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... c) What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle reactions that are similar to the pentose phosphate pathway? (2 pts) To regenerate the acceptor molecule for CO2 fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (Ru1,5BP) ...
... c) What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle reactions that are similar to the pentose phosphate pathway? (2 pts) To regenerate the acceptor molecule for CO2 fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (Ru1,5BP) ...
Topic 7b Redox notes
... hydrogen; reduction is the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen. These definitions can only be used when a chemical reaction involves hydrogen and oxygen, and therefore their usefulness is limited. ...
... hydrogen; reduction is the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen. These definitions can only be used when a chemical reaction involves hydrogen and oxygen, and therefore their usefulness is limited. ...
2005/6 - SAASTA
... The project offers learners in grades 10-12 an exciting opportunity to compete in the science arena with fellow learners from all the nine provinces and SADC countries, such as Namibia and Lesotho. The competition comprises an annual examination in science, and top learners and top schools stand a c ...
... The project offers learners in grades 10-12 an exciting opportunity to compete in the science arena with fellow learners from all the nine provinces and SADC countries, such as Namibia and Lesotho. The competition comprises an annual examination in science, and top learners and top schools stand a c ...
![Glycolysis [Compatibility Mode]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/015804080_1-177318d0ac1e37e7516326c4d927443b-300x300.png)
(TCA) cycle
... 5.3 Replenishment of TCA cycle intermediates 5.3.2.1 Regulation of the glyoxylate cycle (continued) Dephosphorylation active form of isocitrate dehydrogenase Phosphorylation inactive form of isocitrate dehydrogenase Dephosphorylation to induce flux through the TCA cycle (1) When metabolic i ...
... 5.3 Replenishment of TCA cycle intermediates 5.3.2.1 Regulation of the glyoxylate cycle (continued) Dephosphorylation active form of isocitrate dehydrogenase Phosphorylation inactive form of isocitrate dehydrogenase Dephosphorylation to induce flux through the TCA cycle (1) When metabolic i ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)