THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... The citric acid cycle constitutes the first stage in cellular respiration, the removal of high-energy electrons from carbon fuels. These electrons reduce O2 to generate a proton gradient. The gradient is used to synthesize ATP. ...
... The citric acid cycle constitutes the first stage in cellular respiration, the removal of high-energy electrons from carbon fuels. These electrons reduce O2 to generate a proton gradient. The gradient is used to synthesize ATP. ...
Redox
... the loss/gain of hydrogen. Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen; reduction is the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen. These definitions can only be used when a chemical reaction involves hydrogen and oxygen, and therefore their usefulness is limited. ...
... the loss/gain of hydrogen. Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen; reduction is the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen. These definitions can only be used when a chemical reaction involves hydrogen and oxygen, and therefore their usefulness is limited. ...
ppt
... • An alternate catabolic process, fermentation – Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen (in anaerobic conditions) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... • An alternate catabolic process, fermentation – Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen (in anaerobic conditions) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
November 6th
... Neither dehydrogenase nor isomerase recognize ∆4 unsaturated fatty acids as a substrate. ...
... Neither dehydrogenase nor isomerase recognize ∆4 unsaturated fatty acids as a substrate. ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... – Part of the citric acid cycle – Bypasses the decarboxylation with two different enzymes • Isocitrate lyase • Malate synthase ...
... – Part of the citric acid cycle – Bypasses the decarboxylation with two different enzymes • Isocitrate lyase • Malate synthase ...
Triacylglycerol Metabolism Gone Bad: A major cause of disease
... It releases fatty acids and glycerol (produced by adipose lipases). •In the fed state triacylglycerol is transported in the blood as a lipoprotein complex. In the blood the triacylglycerol is hydrolyzed to produce fatty acids and glycerol (lipoprotein ...
... It releases fatty acids and glycerol (produced by adipose lipases). •In the fed state triacylglycerol is transported in the blood as a lipoprotein complex. In the blood the triacylglycerol is hydrolyzed to produce fatty acids and glycerol (lipoprotein ...
6-10summary
... Some transport proteins do not provide channels but appear to actually translocate the solute-binding site and the solute across the membrane as the transport protein changes shape. ○ These shape changes may be triggered by the binding and release of the ...
... Some transport proteins do not provide channels but appear to actually translocate the solute-binding site and the solute across the membrane as the transport protein changes shape. ○ These shape changes may be triggered by the binding and release of the ...
AP Review
... Glycolysis breaks down 1 glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate - occurs in the cytosol Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvate into CO2 - occurs in the mitochondrial matrix ...
... Glycolysis breaks down 1 glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate - occurs in the cytosol Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvate into CO2 - occurs in the mitochondrial matrix ...
A1983RT00700001
... catalyzed bya glutamate synthase enzyme that other people broadened their conclu- active with reduced ferredoxin (similar to sions to include the whole of the2 plant nitrite reductase) rather than reduced pyrikingdom. Although in 1969, Brown, work- dine nucleotides. ing at Newcastle University in an ...
... catalyzed bya glutamate synthase enzyme that other people broadened their conclu- active with reduced ferredoxin (similar to sions to include the whole of the2 plant nitrite reductase) rather than reduced pyrikingdom. Although in 1969, Brown, work- dine nucleotides. ing at Newcastle University in an ...
Lecture 15 (Parker) - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... ATP, instead it removes electrons from Acetyl CoA forming NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers yield nine ATP molecules when oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons released in the re-oxidation of NADH and FADH2 flow through a series of membrane proteins to generate a proton gradient acr ...
... ATP, instead it removes electrons from Acetyl CoA forming NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers yield nine ATP molecules when oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons released in the re-oxidation of NADH and FADH2 flow through a series of membrane proteins to generate a proton gradient acr ...
Fertilisers
... nitrate ( NH4 NO3 ), a nitrogen only fertiliser would be suitable. Wheat requires all three essential elements so a NPK compound fertiliser is used. NPK fertilisers are usually a mixture of ammonium nitrate (NH4 NO3 ) ammonium phosphate(( NH4)3 PO4 ) and potassium chloride (KCl). Some examples of br ...
... nitrate ( NH4 NO3 ), a nitrogen only fertiliser would be suitable. Wheat requires all three essential elements so a NPK compound fertiliser is used. NPK fertilisers are usually a mixture of ammonium nitrate (NH4 NO3 ) ammonium phosphate(( NH4)3 PO4 ) and potassium chloride (KCl). Some examples of br ...
Reactive Oxygen Species
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
unit 1: introduction to biology
... As a results of the cellular respiration process, part of the chemical energy of the glucose molecule is converted and conserved in the “highly energetic” phosphodiester bonds of the ATP (= adenosine-tri-phosphate) molecule, which is the readily available ‘energetic currency’ of the cell a tablesp ...
... As a results of the cellular respiration process, part of the chemical energy of the glucose molecule is converted and conserved in the “highly energetic” phosphodiester bonds of the ATP (= adenosine-tri-phosphate) molecule, which is the readily available ‘energetic currency’ of the cell a tablesp ...
BIS103-002 (Spring 2008) - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... What is the biochemical reason for the different end products in the two tissues? (2 pts) Glucose-6-P phosphatase in the liver produces glucose from G6P, an intermediate of glycogen degradation. However, this enzyme (G6P phosphatase) is not present in skeletal muscles. Therefore, in skeletal muscles ...
... What is the biochemical reason for the different end products in the two tissues? (2 pts) Glucose-6-P phosphatase in the liver produces glucose from G6P, an intermediate of glycogen degradation. However, this enzyme (G6P phosphatase) is not present in skeletal muscles. Therefore, in skeletal muscles ...
energy for
... II. Metabolism Overview A. Catabolism and Anabolism: TO build a useful biomolecule (anabolism) or to do mechanical work (kinetic energy), the matter and energy must come from somewhere…. Except for photosynthesis, the source of energy used in living systems is chemical potential energy, ...
... II. Metabolism Overview A. Catabolism and Anabolism: TO build a useful biomolecule (anabolism) or to do mechanical work (kinetic energy), the matter and energy must come from somewhere…. Except for photosynthesis, the source of energy used in living systems is chemical potential energy, ...
8.3 What Happens During Cellular Respiration?
... – Fats are excellent sources of energy – Serve as major energy-storage molecule in animals ...
... – Fats are excellent sources of energy – Serve as major energy-storage molecule in animals ...
Topic:
... • POPULATION- All of the organisms of the same species that live in the same area. • COMMUNITY- All of the living organisms that live in the same area. • ECOSYSTEM- All of the living organisms and nonliving factors in the same area. • BIOSPHERE- Anywhere life is found on the planet. ...
... • POPULATION- All of the organisms of the same species that live in the same area. • COMMUNITY- All of the living organisms that live in the same area. • ECOSYSTEM- All of the living organisms and nonliving factors in the same area. • BIOSPHERE- Anywhere life is found on the planet. ...
Solving Biochemistry`s Biggest Mystery: How We Produce Energy
... Therefore, making energy is the single most important requirement for life. How do we make this essence of life called energy? Dr. Emile Bliznakov, whom we will chat with in a future interview, sums it up with the following formula: CoQ = Energy = Life. Of course, we had long known that food was fir ...
... Therefore, making energy is the single most important requirement for life. How do we make this essence of life called energy? Dr. Emile Bliznakov, whom we will chat with in a future interview, sums it up with the following formula: CoQ = Energy = Life. Of course, we had long known that food was fir ...
GLYCOLYSIS - Orange Coast College
... Hydrolysis of ATP: liberates 30.5 kJ/mol Phosphylation of glucose: costs 13.8kJ/mol Delta G= -16.7 kJ/mol ...
... Hydrolysis of ATP: liberates 30.5 kJ/mol Phosphylation of glucose: costs 13.8kJ/mol Delta G= -16.7 kJ/mol ...
K - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
... this substrate-level phosphorylation step? Just like in step 7, the nucleophile is the O- on the ADP that attacks the phosphoryl group on the triose, PEP. What is Mg2+ and K+ doing? Mg2+ stabilizes the O- on PEP and ADP K+ stabilizes carbonyl of PEP Note: Hydrolysis of PEP is not sufficient to drive ...
... this substrate-level phosphorylation step? Just like in step 7, the nucleophile is the O- on the ADP that attacks the phosphoryl group on the triose, PEP. What is Mg2+ and K+ doing? Mg2+ stabilizes the O- on PEP and ADP K+ stabilizes carbonyl of PEP Note: Hydrolysis of PEP is not sufficient to drive ...
The Central Role of Acetyl-CoA
... • Energy is produced by oxidation of molecular fuels small molecules derived from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins • The oxidation uses oxidised forms of coenzymes ultimately producing CO2, H2O and stored energy • Energy is stored directly as ATP or as reduced forms of coenzymes that ultimately reduc ...
... • Energy is produced by oxidation of molecular fuels small molecules derived from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins • The oxidation uses oxidised forms of coenzymes ultimately producing CO2, H2O and stored energy • Energy is stored directly as ATP or as reduced forms of coenzymes that ultimately reduc ...
pptx
... this substrate-level phosphorylation step? Just like in step 7, the nucleophile is the O- on the ADP that attacks the phosphoryl group on the triose, PEP. What is Mg2+ and K+ doing? Mg2+ stabilizes the O- on PEP and ADP K+ stabilizes carbonyl of PEP Note: Hydrolysis of PEP is not sufficient to drive ...
... this substrate-level phosphorylation step? Just like in step 7, the nucleophile is the O- on the ADP that attacks the phosphoryl group on the triose, PEP. What is Mg2+ and K+ doing? Mg2+ stabilizes the O- on PEP and ADP K+ stabilizes carbonyl of PEP Note: Hydrolysis of PEP is not sufficient to drive ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)