Food Biotechnology Dr. Tarek Elbashiti
... • From reasoning based on metabolic pathways structure, rerouting a carbon source to produce a desired amino acid should start by increasing the availability of precursor metabolites, energy, and reducing equivalents used in its synthesis. • Central metabolic pathways meet these criteria, and theref ...
... • From reasoning based on metabolic pathways structure, rerouting a carbon source to produce a desired amino acid should start by increasing the availability of precursor metabolites, energy, and reducing equivalents used in its synthesis. • Central metabolic pathways meet these criteria, and theref ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... fermentation was acetate in all cultures always small amounts of 1,3-propanediol were formed as well. The amount of propanediol produced depended on the culture conditions. It could make up 1 0 - 20% of the total fermentation products in glycerol-grown cultures after an unusually long lag phase or w ...
... fermentation was acetate in all cultures always small amounts of 1,3-propanediol were formed as well. The amount of propanediol produced depended on the culture conditions. It could make up 1 0 - 20% of the total fermentation products in glycerol-grown cultures after an unusually long lag phase or w ...
Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Fermentations
... sometimes very dangerous pests. Now we are going to look at them in a very different light, specifically as useful tools of food production. The basic principles are the same. We will still be talking about the source of the microbes in the food, the conditions which select for their proliferation, ...
... sometimes very dangerous pests. Now we are going to look at them in a very different light, specifically as useful tools of food production. The basic principles are the same. We will still be talking about the source of the microbes in the food, the conditions which select for their proliferation, ...
Mitochondrium
... Several carrier molecules for metabolites, ions – in the inner membrane of Mch. Other point of the inner membrane of Mch. is impermeable for H+ and OH-. ...
... Several carrier molecules for metabolites, ions – in the inner membrane of Mch. Other point of the inner membrane of Mch. is impermeable for H+ and OH-. ...
Respiration
... • What is the first stage of respiration called? • What are the 2 products? • What substance must be present to allow aerobic respiration to proceed? • How many molecules of ATP are gained from the complete breakdown of 1 glucose molecule in aerobic respiration? • Name the additional products of thi ...
... • What is the first stage of respiration called? • What are the 2 products? • What substance must be present to allow aerobic respiration to proceed? • How many molecules of ATP are gained from the complete breakdown of 1 glucose molecule in aerobic respiration? • Name the additional products of thi ...
Unit 9 - Central New Mexico Community College
... such as starch and cellulose, which are synthesized by plants, and glycogen, which is produced in animals are composed of repeating glucose subunits. Bacteria have a variety of pathways to utilize the energy in carbohydrates. Many bacteria produce specific membrane transport proteins to transport a ...
... such as starch and cellulose, which are synthesized by plants, and glycogen, which is produced in animals are composed of repeating glucose subunits. Bacteria have a variety of pathways to utilize the energy in carbohydrates. Many bacteria produce specific membrane transport proteins to transport a ...
Making basic science clinically relevant for learners: the biochemistry example Eric Niederhoffer
... • How does nervous tissue (neurons and glial cells) produce ATP (carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids)? • How do glial cells (astrocytes) assist neurons? • What are some key clinical features (history, physical, laboratory test results) associated with defects in met ...
... • How does nervous tissue (neurons and glial cells) produce ATP (carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids)? • How do glial cells (astrocytes) assist neurons? • What are some key clinical features (history, physical, laboratory test results) associated with defects in met ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... will help to compare the redox chemistry of cellular respiration to a much Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains. (a) The one-step exergonic reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water releases a large amount of energy in the form of simpler reaction: the reaction between heat ...
... will help to compare the redox chemistry of cellular respiration to a much Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains. (a) The one-step exergonic reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water releases a large amount of energy in the form of simpler reaction: the reaction between heat ...
AMINOACID METABOLISM
... SOURCE & FATE OF AA The aminoacids obtained from DIETARY SOURCE or BODY PROTEIN TURNOVER are utilized for protein biosynthesis and the production of a wide range of N2 containing compounds like creatine, amines, porphyrins… The aminoacids undergo certain common reactions like TRANSAMINATION followe ...
... SOURCE & FATE OF AA The aminoacids obtained from DIETARY SOURCE or BODY PROTEIN TURNOVER are utilized for protein biosynthesis and the production of a wide range of N2 containing compounds like creatine, amines, porphyrins… The aminoacids undergo certain common reactions like TRANSAMINATION followe ...
Non-Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixers
... -Associative nitrogen fixing bacteria/slightly anaerobic Alcaligenes, Arthrobater,Azospirillum, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas -Associative nitrogen fixing bacteria/oxidative-reductive Enterobacter, Klebsiella ...
... -Associative nitrogen fixing bacteria/slightly anaerobic Alcaligenes, Arthrobater,Azospirillum, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas -Associative nitrogen fixing bacteria/oxidative-reductive Enterobacter, Klebsiella ...
Source–Sink Relationships
... ensures their tight coupling by virtue of the cycling of intermediates. Other associated reactions involve the supply of carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis and require the participation of reactions in the cytosol and mitochondria. High ATP/ADP and NADPH/NADP favour high rates of carbon di ...
... ensures their tight coupling by virtue of the cycling of intermediates. Other associated reactions involve the supply of carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis and require the participation of reactions in the cytosol and mitochondria. High ATP/ADP and NADPH/NADP favour high rates of carbon di ...
TCA Cycle - eCurriculum
... Catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase, enzyme directly linked to the electron transport chain. )G 0 ’= 0. Uses FAD because the free energy change is not enough to generate NADH. 7) fumarate + H2O ↔ malate Catalyzed by fumarase. )G 0 ’= 0. 8) malate + NAD + ↔ oxaloacetate + NADH Catalyzed ...
... Catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase, enzyme directly linked to the electron transport chain. )G 0 ’= 0. Uses FAD because the free energy change is not enough to generate NADH. 7) fumarate + H2O ↔ malate Catalyzed by fumarase. )G 0 ’= 0. 8) malate + NAD + ↔ oxaloacetate + NADH Catalyzed ...
N - WordPress.com
... biotransformed by oxidative deamination (through the carbinolamine pathway) or by N-oxidation. • In general, oxidative deamination of most exogenous primary amines is carried out by the mixed-function oxidases discussed previously. • Endogenous primary amines (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine, tryptam ...
... biotransformed by oxidative deamination (through the carbinolamine pathway) or by N-oxidation. • In general, oxidative deamination of most exogenous primary amines is carried out by the mixed-function oxidases discussed previously. • Endogenous primary amines (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine, tryptam ...
Oxidation Reduction Reactions- Answer Key
... oxidation number of nitrogen in nitric acid is 5 (verify!), then the nitrogen-containing product must have a smaller oxidation number for nitrogen. The only compound in the list that doesn’t have a nitrogen oxidation number less than 5 is N2O5, (what is the oxidation number of N in N2O5?). This is ...
... oxidation number of nitrogen in nitric acid is 5 (verify!), then the nitrogen-containing product must have a smaller oxidation number for nitrogen. The only compound in the list that doesn’t have a nitrogen oxidation number less than 5 is N2O5, (what is the oxidation number of N in N2O5?). This is ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
... Cellular respiration consists of a sequence of many chemical reactions that we can divide into three main stages. Figure 6.6 gives an overview of these stages and shows where they occur in a eukaryotic cell. (In prokaryotic cells that use aerobic respiration, these steps occur in the cytosol, and th ...
... Cellular respiration consists of a sequence of many chemical reactions that we can divide into three main stages. Figure 6.6 gives an overview of these stages and shows where they occur in a eukaryotic cell. (In prokaryotic cells that use aerobic respiration, these steps occur in the cytosol, and th ...
ATP - RCSD
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO ...
CHAPTER 4 DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON, SULPHUR, NITROGEN
... contents in amino acid side chains are negatively correlated with protein abundance. An amino acid with a high number of carbon atoms in its side chain generally requires relatively more energy for its synthesis and seems to be avoided because of economy in building blocks or because of economy in e ...
... contents in amino acid side chains are negatively correlated with protein abundance. An amino acid with a high number of carbon atoms in its side chain generally requires relatively more energy for its synthesis and seems to be avoided because of economy in building blocks or because of economy in e ...
The citric acid cycle is the
... transformation of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate. Thus, for every succinate that enters the reversed cycle, two succinates are returned, making the cycle highly autocatalytic. • Because TCA cycle intermediates are involved in many biosynthetic pathways, a reversed TCA cycle would be a bountifuland broad ...
... transformation of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate. Thus, for every succinate that enters the reversed cycle, two succinates are returned, making the cycle highly autocatalytic. • Because TCA cycle intermediates are involved in many biosynthetic pathways, a reversed TCA cycle would be a bountifuland broad ...
Cellular Respiration
... race? Initially, creatine phosphate powers the muscles during the race. However, near the end of the race, the swimmer uses rapid breathing to restore the oxygen supply to the muscles. The lactate diffuses out of the muscles and into blood where it be carried to the liver for conversion to glucose. ...
... race? Initially, creatine phosphate powers the muscles during the race. However, near the end of the race, the swimmer uses rapid breathing to restore the oxygen supply to the muscles. The lactate diffuses out of the muscles and into blood where it be carried to the liver for conversion to glucose. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)