Cellular Respiration
... down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by specific enzymes. At key steps, electrons are stripped from the glucose. In many oxidation reactions, the electron is transferred with a proton, as a hydrogen atom. o ...
... down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by specific enzymes. At key steps, electrons are stripped from the glucose. In many oxidation reactions, the electron is transferred with a proton, as a hydrogen atom. o ...
103 Lecture Ch23b
... reduced to lactate, which replenishes NAD+ to continue glycolysis • During strenuous exercise, muscle cells quickly use up their stored oxygen, creating anaerobic conditions - lactate accumulates, leading to muscle fatigue and soreness • Anaerobic bacteria can also produce lactate, which is how we m ...
... reduced to lactate, which replenishes NAD+ to continue glycolysis • During strenuous exercise, muscle cells quickly use up their stored oxygen, creating anaerobic conditions - lactate accumulates, leading to muscle fatigue and soreness • Anaerobic bacteria can also produce lactate, which is how we m ...
Chapter 12: Bioenergetics
... Multiple “food” molecules get converted into a small number of common C2 and C4 molecules These C2/C4 molecules enter the center of the mitochondria where they are “processed” by the citric acid pathway The citric acid pathway gives H+ and e- which are used to generate NADH and FADH2 These are e-, H ...
... Multiple “food” molecules get converted into a small number of common C2 and C4 molecules These C2/C4 molecules enter the center of the mitochondria where they are “processed” by the citric acid pathway The citric acid pathway gives H+ and e- which are used to generate NADH and FADH2 These are e-, H ...
Dr. V. Main Powerpoint
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
mineral nutrition
... Based upon the above criteria only a few elements have been found to be absolutely essential for plant growth and metabolism. These elements are further divided into two broad categories based on their quantitative requirements. (i) Macronutrients, and (ii) Micronutrients Macronutrients are generall ...
... Based upon the above criteria only a few elements have been found to be absolutely essential for plant growth and metabolism. These elements are further divided into two broad categories based on their quantitative requirements. (i) Macronutrients, and (ii) Micronutrients Macronutrients are generall ...
Carbon
... • Regeneration of phosphenol-pyruvate consumes two high energy bonds from ATP • Movement between cells is by diffusion via plasmodesmata • Movement within cells is regulated by concentration gradients • This system generates a higher CO2 conc in bundle sheath cells than would occur by equilibrium wi ...
... • Regeneration of phosphenol-pyruvate consumes two high energy bonds from ATP • Movement between cells is by diffusion via plasmodesmata • Movement within cells is regulated by concentration gradients • This system generates a higher CO2 conc in bundle sheath cells than would occur by equilibrium wi ...
Lecture 26
... Inhibited by NADH and NADPH Competitively bind to the NAD+ binding site. Requires Mn2+ or Mg2+ cofactor. Mechanistically-oxidize to the b-keto acid. 2 forms of the enzyme Mitochondrial form is NAD+ dependant [ADP] E. coli, mitochondrial, cytoplasmic forms NADP+ ...
... Inhibited by NADH and NADPH Competitively bind to the NAD+ binding site. Requires Mn2+ or Mg2+ cofactor. Mechanistically-oxidize to the b-keto acid. 2 forms of the enzyme Mitochondrial form is NAD+ dependant [ADP] E. coli, mitochondrial, cytoplasmic forms NADP+ ...
lecture CH23 chem131pikul
... • Step [1] reacts acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, and it is catalyzed by citrate synthase. • Step [2] isomerizes the 3o alcohol in citrate to the 2o alcohol in isocitrate; it is catalyzed by aconitase. • Step [3] isocitrate loses CO2 in a decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by isocitrat ...
... • Step [1] reacts acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, and it is catalyzed by citrate synthase. • Step [2] isomerizes the 3o alcohol in citrate to the 2o alcohol in isocitrate; it is catalyzed by aconitase. • Step [3] isocitrate loses CO2 in a decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by isocitrat ...
Physiological effects of exercise
... about by stimulation from the noradrenergic sympathetic nervous system. The increase in heart rate is also mediated by vagal inhibition and is sustained by autonomic sympathetic responses and carbon dioxide acting on the medulla. The efficacy of systolic contraction is particularly important in trai ...
... about by stimulation from the noradrenergic sympathetic nervous system. The increase in heart rate is also mediated by vagal inhibition and is sustained by autonomic sympathetic responses and carbon dioxide acting on the medulla. The efficacy of systolic contraction is particularly important in trai ...
removal of amino gp from glutamate to release ammonia Other
... 3. Metabolic break down of carbon skeleton to generate common intermediates that can be catabolized to CO2 or used in anabolic pathways to be stored as glucose or fat. ...
... 3. Metabolic break down of carbon skeleton to generate common intermediates that can be catabolized to CO2 or used in anabolic pathways to be stored as glucose or fat. ...
Carbohydrate metabolism2
... •In absence of O2 re-oxidation of NADH at glyceraldehyde-3-Pdehydrogenase stage cannot take place in electron-transport chain. But the cells have limited coenzyme. Hence to continue the glycolytic pathway NADH must be oxidized to NAD+. This is achieved by reoxidation of NADH by conversion of pyruvat ...
... •In absence of O2 re-oxidation of NADH at glyceraldehyde-3-Pdehydrogenase stage cannot take place in electron-transport chain. But the cells have limited coenzyme. Hence to continue the glycolytic pathway NADH must be oxidized to NAD+. This is achieved by reoxidation of NADH by conversion of pyruvat ...
T03 growth2013
... generated during this electron transfer via electron transport phosphorylation (electron carriers, electron transport chain, proton gradient, ATP synthase). For most bacteria the electron donor is an organic compound being oxidised to CO2 and the electron acceptor is oxygen, which is supplied by all ...
... generated during this electron transfer via electron transport phosphorylation (electron carriers, electron transport chain, proton gradient, ATP synthase). For most bacteria the electron donor is an organic compound being oxidised to CO2 and the electron acceptor is oxygen, which is supplied by all ...
CHAPTER 6
... Essential Question How is pyruvate oxidized under aerobic conditions Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl-CoA and oxidized to CO2 in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle ...
... Essential Question How is pyruvate oxidized under aerobic conditions Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl-CoA and oxidized to CO2 in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle ...
PP - Chemistry Courses: About
... • DHF must be reduced to THF by DHF reductase • NADPH dependent • Chemotherapy target – DHF analogs such as methotrexate ...
... • DHF must be reduced to THF by DHF reductase • NADPH dependent • Chemotherapy target – DHF analogs such as methotrexate ...
last update was
... receives 4 ATPs back. The net gain is 2 ATPs. In anaerobic respiration, there is a molecule called NAD that received 2 electrons to become NADH. The cell has only a limited supply of NAD and ff it is all converted to NADH, the breakdown of glucose would stop. This is overcome by converting NADH back ...
... receives 4 ATPs back. The net gain is 2 ATPs. In anaerobic respiration, there is a molecule called NAD that received 2 electrons to become NADH. The cell has only a limited supply of NAD and ff it is all converted to NADH, the breakdown of glucose would stop. This is overcome by converting NADH back ...
GCSE - WordPress.com
... 4. Explain the following in terms of bonding and structure ideas :. (i) Silicon dioxide and carbon dioxide both contain covalent bonds but the former melts at 1700oC whereas the latter is a gas at 0oC. (ii) Sodium oxide, carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide are all poor conductors of electricity ...
... 4. Explain the following in terms of bonding and structure ideas :. (i) Silicon dioxide and carbon dioxide both contain covalent bonds but the former melts at 1700oC whereas the latter is a gas at 0oC. (ii) Sodium oxide, carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide are all poor conductors of electricity ...
Micro Chapter 5 ppt. 11th edition
... 6 The next enzyme converts each GP to another three-carbon compound, 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized ...
... 6 The next enzyme converts each GP to another three-carbon compound, 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized ...
File
... • Steps 3–4: Oxidative decarboxylations to give 2 NADH • Step 5: Substrate-level phosphorylation to give GTP • Step 6: Dehydrogenation to give reduced FADH2 • Step 7: Hydration • Step 8: Dehydrogenation to give NADH ...
... • Steps 3–4: Oxidative decarboxylations to give 2 NADH • Step 5: Substrate-level phosphorylation to give GTP • Step 6: Dehydrogenation to give reduced FADH2 • Step 7: Hydration • Step 8: Dehydrogenation to give NADH ...
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Metabolic Systems (cont`d)
... Muscle & liver glycogen repletion: • Critical to recovery after exercise ...
... Muscle & liver glycogen repletion: • Critical to recovery after exercise ...
enzyme substrate
... source, but they obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, rather than light. • These substances include hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and ferrous ions (Fe2+) among others. • This nutritional mode is unique to prokaryotes. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benja ...
... source, but they obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, rather than light. • These substances include hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and ferrous ions (Fe2+) among others. • This nutritional mode is unique to prokaryotes. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benja ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)