Halophiles - OpenWetWare
... microbial mats. They usually grow anaerobically by anoxygenic photosynthesis, although many also have the capacity to grow aerobically as heterotrophs. They can use reduced sulfur (hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur), organic compounds or hydrogen as electron donors. They include green and purple sul ...
... microbial mats. They usually grow anaerobically by anoxygenic photosynthesis, although many also have the capacity to grow aerobically as heterotrophs. They can use reduced sulfur (hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur), organic compounds or hydrogen as electron donors. They include green and purple sul ...
Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... 25) A molecule that is phosphorylated A) has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. B) has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. C) has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the g ...
... 25) A molecule that is phosphorylated A) has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. B) has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. C) has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the g ...
BCH 3033 General Biochemistry EXAM 5 Name: Fall, 2012
... 3. enoyl-SCoA hydratase. 4. acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. a. 1,2,3,4. b. 4,1,3,2. c. 4,3,1,2. d. 1,4,3,2. e. 4,2,3,1. 17. Activation of fatty acid in the cytoplasm for $-oxidation requires energy which is equivalent to: a. 1 ATP. b. 2 ATPs. c. 3 ATPs. d. 4 ATPs. e. 1 NADH. 18. Ketone bodies are formed in ...
... 3. enoyl-SCoA hydratase. 4. acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. a. 1,2,3,4. b. 4,1,3,2. c. 4,3,1,2. d. 1,4,3,2. e. 4,2,3,1. 17. Activation of fatty acid in the cytoplasm for $-oxidation requires energy which is equivalent to: a. 1 ATP. b. 2 ATPs. c. 3 ATPs. d. 4 ATPs. e. 1 NADH. 18. Ketone bodies are formed in ...
Lipid Oxidation
... radical may shift to carbon 14 with the double bond reforming between carbons 11 and 12. The radical may also shift to carbon 9 with the double bond forming between carbons 10 and 11. Both of these cases result in conjugated structures that are at lower energies than are the non conjugated structure ...
... radical may shift to carbon 14 with the double bond reforming between carbons 11 and 12. The radical may also shift to carbon 9 with the double bond forming between carbons 10 and 11. Both of these cases result in conjugated structures that are at lower energies than are the non conjugated structure ...
Strategies to maintain redox homeostasis during photosynthesis
... stabilize the redox poise in the electron transport chains and modulate light-use efficiency. Mechanisms that demonstrate the high flexibility of electron transfer and the concomitant formation of a proton motive force have been summarized recently, showing the multiple ways that each of these proce ...
... stabilize the redox poise in the electron transport chains and modulate light-use efficiency. Mechanisms that demonstrate the high flexibility of electron transfer and the concomitant formation of a proton motive force have been summarized recently, showing the multiple ways that each of these proce ...
Cfe Higher Biology Metabolism and Survival
... • Reactions in cells are controlled and co-ordinated by enzymes. • Enzyme reactions do not take place in isolation but in pathways. • Many of these pathways are reversible, but some are not. • Where pathways are irreversible, or energetically unfavourable, alternative pathways are usually available. ...
... • Reactions in cells are controlled and co-ordinated by enzymes. • Enzyme reactions do not take place in isolation but in pathways. • Many of these pathways are reversible, but some are not. • Where pathways are irreversible, or energetically unfavourable, alternative pathways are usually available. ...
Cfe Higher Biology Metabolism and Survival
... • Reactions in cells are controlled and co-ordinated by enzymes. • Enzyme reactions do not take place in isolation but in pathways. • Many of these pathways are reversible, but some are not. • Where pathways are irreversible, or energetically unfavourable, alternative pathways are usually available. ...
... • Reactions in cells are controlled and co-ordinated by enzymes. • Enzyme reactions do not take place in isolation but in pathways. • Many of these pathways are reversible, but some are not. • Where pathways are irreversible, or energetically unfavourable, alternative pathways are usually available. ...
Lecture 36
... hydrocarbon chain (mostly saturated carbons) with a terminal carboxylate group. Fatty acid degradation, also called fatty acid oxidation, is similar in many ways to fatty acid synthesis - both the catabolic and anabolic pathways utilize acetyl CoA as the activated carrier of the two carbon product o ...
... hydrocarbon chain (mostly saturated carbons) with a terminal carboxylate group. Fatty acid degradation, also called fatty acid oxidation, is similar in many ways to fatty acid synthesis - both the catabolic and anabolic pathways utilize acetyl CoA as the activated carrier of the two carbon product o ...
Descriptive Chemistry for Midterm Exam #2
... Occurrence: found in more compounds than any other element on earth. It is the most abundant element in universe. Oxidation states: 0 in H2, +1 in compounds with other non-metals, −1 in metal hydrides. Industrial Preparation of H2: This is carried out through the reduction of +1 oxidation state in H ...
... Occurrence: found in more compounds than any other element on earth. It is the most abundant element in universe. Oxidation states: 0 in H2, +1 in compounds with other non-metals, −1 in metal hydrides. Industrial Preparation of H2: This is carried out through the reduction of +1 oxidation state in H ...
File
... earth, pure substances. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions-there are currently 92 occurring elements such as gold, copper, and oxygen. A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Table salt is sodium chlor ...
... earth, pure substances. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions-there are currently 92 occurring elements such as gold, copper, and oxygen. A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Table salt is sodium chlor ...
BS3050 Physiology of Sport and Exercise
... to a decrease in release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This may affect the interaction of myosin and actin inhibiting the peak rate of power output. One possible cause is a decrease in the efficiency of the Ca2+ re-uptake mechanism which is dependent on a Ca2+ ATPase in the SR membrane. A ...
... to a decrease in release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This may affect the interaction of myosin and actin inhibiting the peak rate of power output. One possible cause is a decrease in the efficiency of the Ca2+ re-uptake mechanism which is dependent on a Ca2+ ATPase in the SR membrane. A ...
Muscle Metabolism - White Plains Public Schools
... Muscle have only a 4 to 6 second supply of ATP ATP must be continually regenerated via one of ...
... Muscle have only a 4 to 6 second supply of ATP ATP must be continually regenerated via one of ...
Nitrogen Fixation
... Manure is decomposing animal fecal matter, and left over food which both hold nitrogen. By using manure in agriculture the amount of nitrogen will be increased as bacteria will be able to break down the nitrogen into nitrates for plants to gain from the soil. b) continual harvesting of soy beans (no ...
... Manure is decomposing animal fecal matter, and left over food which both hold nitrogen. By using manure in agriculture the amount of nitrogen will be increased as bacteria will be able to break down the nitrogen into nitrates for plants to gain from the soil. b) continual harvesting of soy beans (no ...
Cellular Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
Redox Reactions
... • oxidation-reduction or redox reactions are Electron transfer reactions. • Redox reactions can result in the ...
... • oxidation-reduction or redox reactions are Electron transfer reactions. • Redox reactions can result in the ...
Production of Poly Hydroxybutyric Acid with B megaterium
... differing absorbance values of the bacterial byproducts at 235 nm and by employing a standard curve to calculate the dry weight of PHB in each media. One of the ultimate goals of experimentation was to ascertain an inexpensive method to produce great quantities of PHB, which can be used to create bi ...
... differing absorbance values of the bacterial byproducts at 235 nm and by employing a standard curve to calculate the dry weight of PHB in each media. One of the ultimate goals of experimentation was to ascertain an inexpensive method to produce great quantities of PHB, which can be used to create bi ...
Photosynthesis: CO assimilation and sugar metabolism
... • C4 plants decrease water loss by using a different enzyme (not RUBISCO) for the initial capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. This other enzyme has about a 10-fold higher affinity for CO2 and this means the diffusion gradient for CO2 into the leaf is much greater than cells using only RUBISO. This e ...
... • C4 plants decrease water loss by using a different enzyme (not RUBISCO) for the initial capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. This other enzyme has about a 10-fold higher affinity for CO2 and this means the diffusion gradient for CO2 into the leaf is much greater than cells using only RUBISO. This e ...
Ch06 and 7_lecture
... Storing and Releasing Energy 2. Energy from food is then stored as a phosphate bond in ATP. 3. Energy is then released when the phosphate bond is broken, and can be used to fuel our everyday activities. ...
... Storing and Releasing Energy 2. Energy from food is then stored as a phosphate bond in ATP. 3. Energy is then released when the phosphate bond is broken, and can be used to fuel our everyday activities. ...
Chem 7250 #1
... This kinetic stability is essential to the role of ATP and other compounds with ~ bonds. If ATP would rapidly hydrolyze in the absence of a catalyst, it could not serve its important roles in energy metabolism and phosphate transfer. Phosphate is removed from ATP only when the reaction is coupled vi ...
... This kinetic stability is essential to the role of ATP and other compounds with ~ bonds. If ATP would rapidly hydrolyze in the absence of a catalyst, it could not serve its important roles in energy metabolism and phosphate transfer. Phosphate is removed from ATP only when the reaction is coupled vi ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)