Redox
... Oxidation Numbers • An oxidation number describes the “electrical state” of an atom or ion. Particles can either be neutral (+p = e-), positive (+p > e-) or negatively (+p < e-) charged. ...
... Oxidation Numbers • An oxidation number describes the “electrical state” of an atom or ion. Particles can either be neutral (+p = e-), positive (+p > e-) or negatively (+p < e-) charged. ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 28: Active Transport
... If the vacant transporter is made to face inwards after ATP hydrolysis, it is more likely to become occupied by [S] from the inside, even when the inside now has the lower concentration of substrate [S]. ...
... If the vacant transporter is made to face inwards after ATP hydrolysis, it is more likely to become occupied by [S] from the inside, even when the inside now has the lower concentration of substrate [S]. ...
Chemistry 326 Name_____________________ Fall 2009 Check
... b. phosphofructokinase-1 e. none of these is a control point c. pyruvate kinase 2. All of the following enzymes involved in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) are also involved in the reversal of this flow ...
... b. phosphofructokinase-1 e. none of these is a control point c. pyruvate kinase 2. All of the following enzymes involved in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) are also involved in the reversal of this flow ...
L. LEWIS ACID CATALYSIS
... Activation of the Electrophile The ability of a Lewis acid to activate an electrophile is relatively familiar from organic chemistry, and is more common sensical since it is directly analogous to general acid catalysis. During nucleophilic attack electrons are displaced from the electrophilic atom a ...
... Activation of the Electrophile The ability of a Lewis acid to activate an electrophile is relatively familiar from organic chemistry, and is more common sensical since it is directly analogous to general acid catalysis. During nucleophilic attack electrons are displaced from the electrophilic atom a ...
WEEK FOUR
... the mode of digestion and metabolic pathways and the type of the end products formed by the 2 groups of animals. The major bulk of carbohydrate in ruminants feed are polymers; cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, fructose and pectin. Fodder plants contain on dry matter bases 20 – 30% of cellulose, 14 – ...
... the mode of digestion and metabolic pathways and the type of the end products formed by the 2 groups of animals. The major bulk of carbohydrate in ruminants feed are polymers; cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, fructose and pectin. Fodder plants contain on dry matter bases 20 – 30% of cellulose, 14 – ...
Chapter 10 - Clayton State University
... • Electron transfer is carried out as a multistep process involving an ordered series of reversibly oxidized electron carriers functioning together • This is called the electron transport system, ETS • The ETS contains a number of integral membrane proteins that are found in the inner mitochondrial ...
... • Electron transfer is carried out as a multistep process involving an ordered series of reversibly oxidized electron carriers functioning together • This is called the electron transport system, ETS • The ETS contains a number of integral membrane proteins that are found in the inner mitochondrial ...
9.2 Oxidation Numbers
... have occurred, so chemists have developed a numerical system to help identify a reaction as redox. For redox reactions, this system also shows us which element is oxidized, which is reduced, what the oxidizing agent is, and what the reducing agent is. The first step in this system is to assign an ox ...
... have occurred, so chemists have developed a numerical system to help identify a reaction as redox. For redox reactions, this system also shows us which element is oxidized, which is reduced, what the oxidizing agent is, and what the reducing agent is. The first step in this system is to assign an ox ...
Chapter 3: The Chemical Basis for Life Lesson 2: Organic Compounds
... Types of carbon compounds in organisms include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The elements found in each type are listed in the table below. Elements other than carbon and hydrogen usually occur within organic compounds in smaller groups of elements called functional groups. Whe ...
... Types of carbon compounds in organisms include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The elements found in each type are listed in the table below. Elements other than carbon and hydrogen usually occur within organic compounds in smaller groups of elements called functional groups. Whe ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... oxidation and cleavage of glucose ATP generation (with and without oxygen) all cells in the cytosol (the reducing equivalents are transferred to the electron-transport chain by the shuttle) ...
... oxidation and cleavage of glucose ATP generation (with and without oxygen) all cells in the cytosol (the reducing equivalents are transferred to the electron-transport chain by the shuttle) ...
Understanding Our Environment
... Similar to C4 photosynthesis in that 4-carbon compounds are produced during the lightindependent reactions. However, in CAM, the organic acids accumulate at night and break down during the day, releasing carbon dioxide. - Allows plants to function well under limited water supplies, as well as high ...
... Similar to C4 photosynthesis in that 4-carbon compounds are produced during the lightindependent reactions. However, in CAM, the organic acids accumulate at night and break down during the day, releasing carbon dioxide. - Allows plants to function well under limited water supplies, as well as high ...
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts
... Figure 4 shows the eight citrate cycle reactions. The citrate cycle is distinguished from linear metabolic pathways in that oxaloacetate is both the substrate for the first reaction (citrate synthase) and the product of the last reaction (malate dehydrogenase), which means that it must be regenerate ...
... Figure 4 shows the eight citrate cycle reactions. The citrate cycle is distinguished from linear metabolic pathways in that oxaloacetate is both the substrate for the first reaction (citrate synthase) and the product of the last reaction (malate dehydrogenase), which means that it must be regenerate ...
1030ExamI
... 62. If a high-energy "donor" molecule physically transfers a phosphate group to ADP, this is called: A. Substrate-level phosphorylation B. Photosynthesis C. Oxidative phosphorylation D. Electron transport E. Glycolysis 63. Only a small amount of ATP is produced during glycolysis because most of the ...
... 62. If a high-energy "donor" molecule physically transfers a phosphate group to ADP, this is called: A. Substrate-level phosphorylation B. Photosynthesis C. Oxidative phosphorylation D. Electron transport E. Glycolysis 63. Only a small amount of ATP is produced during glycolysis because most of the ...
Third Generation Biofuels via Direct Cellulose Fermentation
... approximately half of the carbon fixed annually within terrestrial ecosystems is stored as cellulose. Cellulose synthesis is primarily associated with plants, however some animals, bacteria and algal species can also produce the polymer [25]. Organisms that are capable of degrading the polymer and u ...
... approximately half of the carbon fixed annually within terrestrial ecosystems is stored as cellulose. Cellulose synthesis is primarily associated with plants, however some animals, bacteria and algal species can also produce the polymer [25]. Organisms that are capable of degrading the polymer and u ...
Organix - Interpretive Guide
... dependent on iron and manganese. Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG) is the precursor to Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) production, and when it is elevated it may indicate that the body is trying to increase its production of CoQ10. Elevation of HMG can reveal a block in your body’s synthesis of CoQ10. Other functio ...
... dependent on iron and manganese. Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG) is the precursor to Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) production, and when it is elevated it may indicate that the body is trying to increase its production of CoQ10. Elevation of HMG can reveal a block in your body’s synthesis of CoQ10. Other functio ...
Ecology Ch. 3
... Nitrogen-containing substances such as ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3), and nitrite ions (NO2) are found in soil, in the wastes produced by many organisms, and in dead and decaying organic matter. ...
... Nitrogen-containing substances such as ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3), and nitrite ions (NO2) are found in soil, in the wastes produced by many organisms, and in dead and decaying organic matter. ...
Chapter 1 – Title of Chapter
... coupled reactions: pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound. electron transport chain: the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and ...
... coupled reactions: pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound. electron transport chain: the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and ...
12-Glycolysis2016-11-15 13:225.6 MB
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
mechanism of photosynthesis
... and NADPH2 function as carrier of energy of sunlight and transfer it up to dark reaction. ATP together with NADPH2, called as assimilatory power and NADPH2 is called as reducing power. ...
... and NADPH2 function as carrier of energy of sunlight and transfer it up to dark reaction. ATP together with NADPH2, called as assimilatory power and NADPH2 is called as reducing power. ...
Revision of Biochemical pH-Stat: Involvement of
... Indeed, cytoplasmic acidification has been shown under environmental stresses that affect proton pumping (for review, see Kurkdjian and Guern 1989), and even during normal physiological processes that cause excess proton influx over efflux (Sakano et al. 1992). This seems to be the primary reason wh ...
... Indeed, cytoplasmic acidification has been shown under environmental stresses that affect proton pumping (for review, see Kurkdjian and Guern 1989), and even during normal physiological processes that cause excess proton influx over efflux (Sakano et al. 1992). This seems to be the primary reason wh ...
Block 1 Unit #3
... 18. How is ethanol produced form glucose? a. This reaction is in yeast, and is anaerobic b. Glucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP + 2 H2O c. Reaction is just like anaerobic glycolysis except the steps subsequent to the formation of pyruvate. ...
... 18. How is ethanol produced form glucose? a. This reaction is in yeast, and is anaerobic b. Glucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP + 2 H2O c. Reaction is just like anaerobic glycolysis except the steps subsequent to the formation of pyruvate. ...
Photosynthesis_Cell Resp_Jeopardy
... to the doctor for help. They discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. This is the most likely explanation. ...
... to the doctor for help. They discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. This is the most likely explanation. ...
Bio1A - Lec 9 slides File
... • Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 • Anaerobic respiration - similar, but consumes compounds other than O2 ...
... • Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 • Anaerobic respiration - similar, but consumes compounds other than O2 ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)