Unit 20C Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... Solar energy is the ultimate source of energy for most living things. As you saw in Chapter 2, organisms do not use this energy directly. Instead, photosynthetic organisms at the first trophic level in a food web (producers) capture solar energy and then store it as chemical energy in the bonds of g ...
... Solar energy is the ultimate source of energy for most living things. As you saw in Chapter 2, organisms do not use this energy directly. Instead, photosynthetic organisms at the first trophic level in a food web (producers) capture solar energy and then store it as chemical energy in the bonds of g ...
Practice Exam III
... 11). Some enzymes require a necessary metal ion cofactor for catalysis. Which of the following is not a potential property that a metal ion may impart to an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? a). May act as a super acid. b). May shield and stabilize charges. c). May facilitate redox reactions. d). M ...
... 11). Some enzymes require a necessary metal ion cofactor for catalysis. Which of the following is not a potential property that a metal ion may impart to an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? a). May act as a super acid. b). May shield and stabilize charges. c). May facilitate redox reactions. d). M ...
Document
... 24) Many defined growth media that support microbial growth lack malonate, which is an important precursor for biosynthesis of lipid membranes. Based on this, we can infer cells also must have a metabolic pathway to generate malonate from other compounds. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis Ch ...
... 24) Many defined growth media that support microbial growth lack malonate, which is an important precursor for biosynthesis of lipid membranes. Based on this, we can infer cells also must have a metabolic pathway to generate malonate from other compounds. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis Ch ...
Conservation of the metabolomic response to starvation across two divergent microbes.
... and tryptophan follow a common pathway up to the key intermediate chorismate, which contains no nitrogen. Chorismate then can acquire nitrogen from glutamine to follow the tryptophan pathway or, alternatively, can form the nitrogen-free precursor to phenylalanine and tyrosine, prephenate. Prephenate ...
... and tryptophan follow a common pathway up to the key intermediate chorismate, which contains no nitrogen. Chorismate then can acquire nitrogen from glutamine to follow the tryptophan pathway or, alternatively, can form the nitrogen-free precursor to phenylalanine and tyrosine, prephenate. Prephenate ...
what shapes an ecosystem?
... Ways organisms interact SYMBIOSIS __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Live in close association with another kind of organism ...
... Ways organisms interact SYMBIOSIS __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Live in close association with another kind of organism ...
Conservation of the metabolomic response to starvation across two divergent microbes.
... and tryptophan follow a common pathway up to the key intermediate chorismate, which contains no nitrogen. Chorismate then can acquire nitrogen from glutamine to follow the tryptophan pathway or, alternatively, can form the nitrogen-free precursor to phenylalanine and tyrosine, prephenate. Prephenate ...
... and tryptophan follow a common pathway up to the key intermediate chorismate, which contains no nitrogen. Chorismate then can acquire nitrogen from glutamine to follow the tryptophan pathway or, alternatively, can form the nitrogen-free precursor to phenylalanine and tyrosine, prephenate. Prephenate ...
Glycolysis
... 1) Inherited enzyme deficiencies of glycolysis - Pyruvate kinase deficiency; it genetic deficiency of this enzyme in the erythrocytes lead to hemolytic anemia (excess destruction of RBC) - The normal RBC lacks the mitochondria and it is completely depend on the glycolysis as source of energy. - The ...
... 1) Inherited enzyme deficiencies of glycolysis - Pyruvate kinase deficiency; it genetic deficiency of this enzyme in the erythrocytes lead to hemolytic anemia (excess destruction of RBC) - The normal RBC lacks the mitochondria and it is completely depend on the glycolysis as source of energy. - The ...
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
... NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM Mark Rush Nucleotides serve various metabolic functions. For example, they are: ...
... NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM Mark Rush Nucleotides serve various metabolic functions. For example, they are: ...
Hydrogen Peroxide-Dependent Conversion of
... from principally mitochondrial-oxidative to principally cytosolic (glycolysis) allows the diversion of metabolic resources normally used to synthesize milk to support the immune system. In turn, the acute increase in the concentration of lactate and malate in milk and the parallel reduction in lacto ...
... from principally mitochondrial-oxidative to principally cytosolic (glycolysis) allows the diversion of metabolic resources normally used to synthesize milk to support the immune system. In turn, the acute increase in the concentration of lactate and malate in milk and the parallel reduction in lacto ...
Rubisco
... 3. Regeneration of RuBP Fructose 6-phosphate is an important branchpoint. Cell can choose to synthesize starch or regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate from F-6-P. Animals do not have these following enzymes so they can not perform photosynthesis: Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase ribulose 5-phosphat ...
... 3. Regeneration of RuBP Fructose 6-phosphate is an important branchpoint. Cell can choose to synthesize starch or regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate from F-6-P. Animals do not have these following enzymes so they can not perform photosynthesis: Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase ribulose 5-phosphat ...
27. GE_7.27 Gluconeo.. - College of Pharmacy at Howard University
... In animals and vascular plants, glucose has three major fates: 1. It may be stored (as a polysaccharide or as sucrose); 2. Oxidized to a three-carbon compound (pyruvate) via glycolysis to provide ATP and metabolic intermediates; 3. Or oxidized via the pentose phosphate (phosphogluconate) pathway to ...
... In animals and vascular plants, glucose has three major fates: 1. It may be stored (as a polysaccharide or as sucrose); 2. Oxidized to a three-carbon compound (pyruvate) via glycolysis to provide ATP and metabolic intermediates; 3. Or oxidized via the pentose phosphate (phosphogluconate) pathway to ...
Electron Transfer Chain
... NADH + H+ + FMN NAD+ + FMNH2 FMNH2 + (Fe-S)ox FMNH· + (Fe-S)red + H+ After Fe-S is reoxidized by transfer of the electron to the next iron-sulfur center in the pathway: FMNH· + (Fe-S)ox FMN + (Fe-S)red + H+ Electrons pass through a series of iron-sulfur centers, and are eventually transferred ...
... NADH + H+ + FMN NAD+ + FMNH2 FMNH2 + (Fe-S)ox FMNH· + (Fe-S)red + H+ After Fe-S is reoxidized by transfer of the electron to the next iron-sulfur center in the pathway: FMNH· + (Fe-S)ox FMN + (Fe-S)red + H+ Electrons pass through a series of iron-sulfur centers, and are eventually transferred ...
Compartmentalisation of metabolic pathways
... Synthesis of ketone bodies (only in the liver!) Oxidation deamination of glutamate ...
... Synthesis of ketone bodies (only in the liver!) Oxidation deamination of glutamate ...
Spotlight on metabolic remodelling in heart failure
... FADH2, as well as GTP. The reducing equivalents then enter the electron transport chain, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Three of the four complexes pump protons out of the matrix into the intermembrane space, generating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane ...
... FADH2, as well as GTP. The reducing equivalents then enter the electron transport chain, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Three of the four complexes pump protons out of the matrix into the intermembrane space, generating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane ...
Digestible carbohydrates
... uncooked starch, glycogen and starch dextrins which escaped digestion by salivary amylase in the mouth producing maltose, maltotriose (three -glucose residues linked by -1,4 bonds) and a mixture of branched oligosaccharides (-limited dextrins), nonbranched oligosaccharides and some glucose. ...
... uncooked starch, glycogen and starch dextrins which escaped digestion by salivary amylase in the mouth producing maltose, maltotriose (three -glucose residues linked by -1,4 bonds) and a mixture of branched oligosaccharides (-limited dextrins), nonbranched oligosaccharides and some glucose. ...
Glucose Metabolism - vinci
... Glucose Metabolism The metabolism of glucose is central to mammalian life. Dynamic changes in any of the steps involved in processing glucose and its derivatives contribute to a wide range of diseases. Measuring the enzymes and metabolites is pivotal to biological and medical research. Cayman offers ...
... Glucose Metabolism The metabolism of glucose is central to mammalian life. Dynamic changes in any of the steps involved in processing glucose and its derivatives contribute to a wide range of diseases. Measuring the enzymes and metabolites is pivotal to biological and medical research. Cayman offers ...
C12P
... and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or tr ...
... and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or tr ...
BS3050 Physiology of Sport and Exercise
... requires the function of mitochondrial metabolic cycle - the citric acid cycle (Fig 17.15). The fuel substrate is acetyl CoA which is converted to CO2 . The citric acid cycle requires a supply of the intermediate oxaloacetate to combine with Acetyl CoA to give citrate, in a series of oxidation react ...
... requires the function of mitochondrial metabolic cycle - the citric acid cycle (Fig 17.15). The fuel substrate is acetyl CoA which is converted to CO2 . The citric acid cycle requires a supply of the intermediate oxaloacetate to combine with Acetyl CoA to give citrate, in a series of oxidation react ...
Fatty Acid Activation Fatty acid activation
... Using two steps, enzymes in the liver convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. st 1 step: glycerol is phosphorylated using ATP to yield glycerol-3-phosphate. nd step: the hydroxyl group is oxidi ...
... Using two steps, enzymes in the liver convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. st 1 step: glycerol is phosphorylated using ATP to yield glycerol-3-phosphate. nd step: the hydroxyl group is oxidi ...
Chapter 20 Specific Catabolic Pathways: Carbohydrate, Lipid, and
... -Oxidation: A series of five enzyme-catalyzed reactions that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid. • Reaction 1: The fatty acid is activated by conversion to an acyl CoA. Activation is equivalent to the hydrolysis of two high-energy phosphate anhydrides. O R-CH2 ...
... -Oxidation: A series of five enzyme-catalyzed reactions that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid. • Reaction 1: The fatty acid is activated by conversion to an acyl CoA. Activation is equivalent to the hydrolysis of two high-energy phosphate anhydrides. O R-CH2 ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)