Anaerobic protists and hidden mitochondria
... IscU which are present in a double membrane-bound mitochondrial remnant organelle (Tovar et al., 2003). However, with the exception of Nyctotherus ovalis (Hackstein et al., 1999), all mitochondrial remnant organelles, including hydrogenosomes, lack an organelle genome, which was the major distinctio ...
... IscU which are present in a double membrane-bound mitochondrial remnant organelle (Tovar et al., 2003). However, with the exception of Nyctotherus ovalis (Hackstein et al., 1999), all mitochondrial remnant organelles, including hydrogenosomes, lack an organelle genome, which was the major distinctio ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 15: Gluconeogenesis
... Location of pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase Pyruvate carboxylase is located in mitochondria, whereas PEP carboxykinase is located in both cytoplasm and in mitochondria. Which is used depends on the starting substrate used. When lactate is the starting substrate, lactate dehydrogenase pro ...
... Location of pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase Pyruvate carboxylase is located in mitochondria, whereas PEP carboxykinase is located in both cytoplasm and in mitochondria. Which is used depends on the starting substrate used. When lactate is the starting substrate, lactate dehydrogenase pro ...
ENERGY CURRENCY
... order for it to be utilized, it first must be converted into ATP. In order for this conversion to occur, oxidative pathways must be available. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is found in all cells. It is actually classified as a coenzyme . In its reduced high energy form it is official ...
... order for it to be utilized, it first must be converted into ATP. In order for this conversion to occur, oxidative pathways must be available. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is found in all cells. It is actually classified as a coenzyme . In its reduced high energy form it is official ...
Cells and Energy
... Some organisms are called producers because they produce the source of chemical energy for themselves and for other organisms. Plants, as well as some bacteria and protists, are the producers that are the main sources of chemical energy for most organisms on Earth. Certainly, animals that eat only p ...
... Some organisms are called producers because they produce the source of chemical energy for themselves and for other organisms. Plants, as well as some bacteria and protists, are the producers that are the main sources of chemical energy for most organisms on Earth. Certainly, animals that eat only p ...
Dental Caries - TOP Recommended Websites
... ● Acid production (lactate) from glucose and fructose ● Formation of extracellular polysaccharides (glucose polymer, fructose polymer) from the energy of the disaccharide bond of sucrose. (glucosyltransferase, fructosyltransferase) - Increase the thickness of plaque substantially - Changing the chem ...
... ● Acid production (lactate) from glucose and fructose ● Formation of extracellular polysaccharides (glucose polymer, fructose polymer) from the energy of the disaccharide bond of sucrose. (glucosyltransferase, fructosyltransferase) - Increase the thickness of plaque substantially - Changing the chem ...
Wine Faults - fnbservicenotes
... Lightstruck wines are those that have had excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, particularly in the range 325 to 450 nm. Very delicate wines, such as Champagnes, are generally worst affected, with the fault causing a wet cardboard or wet wool type flavour and aroma. Red wines rarely becomes light ...
... Lightstruck wines are those that have had excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, particularly in the range 325 to 450 nm. Very delicate wines, such as Champagnes, are generally worst affected, with the fault causing a wet cardboard or wet wool type flavour and aroma. Red wines rarely becomes light ...
respiration in plants
... 3. All living organisms need energy for carrying out daily life activities like movement, transport, absorption, reproduction and even breathing. The process of breathing is connected to the release of energy from food. 4. All the energy required for life processes is obtained by oxidation of (som ...
... 3. All living organisms need energy for carrying out daily life activities like movement, transport, absorption, reproduction and even breathing. The process of breathing is connected to the release of energy from food. 4. All the energy required for life processes is obtained by oxidation of (som ...
03. Metabolism of lipids
... mammary glands during lactation • Occurs in cytoplasm • FA synthesis and degradation occur by two completely separate pathways ...
... mammary glands during lactation • Occurs in cytoplasm • FA synthesis and degradation occur by two completely separate pathways ...
Chapter 20 Prokaryotes
... receptor on the host cell’s outer surface. – Viral nucleic acid enters the cell and once inside, the nucleic acid codes for the protein units inside the capsid. Virus takes over metabolic machinery of the host cell. ...
... receptor on the host cell’s outer surface. – Viral nucleic acid enters the cell and once inside, the nucleic acid codes for the protein units inside the capsid. Virus takes over metabolic machinery of the host cell. ...
Energetics and carbon metabolism during growth
... reduce CO2 by a series of dark reactions called the Calvin cycle. The first step in the Calvin cycle, photosynthetic CO2 fixation, is catalyzed by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. This enzyme is also an oxygenase, which can react with O2 and lead to a different pathway called photorespiration. ...
... reduce CO2 by a series of dark reactions called the Calvin cycle. The first step in the Calvin cycle, photosynthetic CO2 fixation, is catalyzed by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. This enzyme is also an oxygenase, which can react with O2 and lead to a different pathway called photorespiration. ...
03-1 Metabolism of carbohydrate
... Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH +2 H+ • The Energy released from the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is -47 kcal mol-1. • Under aerobic conditions much more chemical bond energy can be extracted from pyruvate. ...
... Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH +2 H+ • The Energy released from the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is -47 kcal mol-1. • Under aerobic conditions much more chemical bond energy can be extracted from pyruvate. ...
METABOLIC PROCESSES IN HARVESTED PRODUCTS
... ceed. When this occurs, pyruvic acid accumulates and is usually decarboxylated to form CO2 and acetaldehyde, which is subsequently reduced to ethanol. Pyruvate may also be reduced to form lactic acid. Alcohol (ethanol) and to a lesser extent lactic acid accumulate within the tissue. Both reactions r ...
... ceed. When this occurs, pyruvic acid accumulates and is usually decarboxylated to form CO2 and acetaldehyde, which is subsequently reduced to ethanol. Pyruvate may also be reduced to form lactic acid. Alcohol (ethanol) and to a lesser extent lactic acid accumulate within the tissue. Both reactions r ...
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1986) 18, Suppl
... of them, the potential plasmid donor and recipient bacteria are dominant in the ecosystem while, in others, they are overcome by a predominant flora. I. Potential mating bacteria dominating the ecosystem Examples of this include batch cultures (broth or agar plate), continuous flow cultures (chemost ...
... of them, the potential plasmid donor and recipient bacteria are dominant in the ecosystem while, in others, they are overcome by a predominant flora. I. Potential mating bacteria dominating the ecosystem Examples of this include batch cultures (broth or agar plate), continuous flow cultures (chemost ...
Word Doc - Computer Press Releases
... (phosphate) are created. Another important source of energy is CP (creatine phosphate). CP cannot be used directly by the muscle mass, so it interacts with ADP and also CP to re-form ATP. There is not plenty of CP available to the muscle so it too must be continually resynthesized. Your ATP-CP syste ...
... (phosphate) are created. Another important source of energy is CP (creatine phosphate). CP cannot be used directly by the muscle mass, so it interacts with ADP and also CP to re-form ATP. There is not plenty of CP available to the muscle so it too must be continually resynthesized. Your ATP-CP syste ...
CHAPTER 6: Energy for Muscular Activity
... 6. Lactic acid accumulation: A) increases hydrogen ion concentration B) impedes cross bridge formation C) inhibits proper enzyme function during glycolysis D) hampers transmission of the electrical signal at the neuromuscular junction E) all of the above Answer: E 7. “Handling” lactic acid refers to ...
... 6. Lactic acid accumulation: A) increases hydrogen ion concentration B) impedes cross bridge formation C) inhibits proper enzyme function during glycolysis D) hampers transmission of the electrical signal at the neuromuscular junction E) all of the above Answer: E 7. “Handling” lactic acid refers to ...
CHAPTER 7
... D) Lactic acid is produced when the rate of work is high. E) Energy production is limited by lactic acid accumulation. Answer: C 11. The resynthesis of ATP by the aerobic system takes place in cell organelles called _________. Answer: mitochondria 12. Anaerobic threshold is the point during exercise ...
... D) Lactic acid is produced when the rate of work is high. E) Energy production is limited by lactic acid accumulation. Answer: C 11. The resynthesis of ATP by the aerobic system takes place in cell organelles called _________. Answer: mitochondria 12. Anaerobic threshold is the point during exercise ...
17_Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and Krebs cycle
... • Electrons are transferred from succinate to FAD and then to ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport chain • Dehydrogenation is stereospecific; only the trans isomer is formed ...
... • Electrons are transferred from succinate to FAD and then to ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport chain • Dehydrogenation is stereospecific; only the trans isomer is formed ...
Fixation of carbon dioxide by chemoautotrophic bacteria
... oxidans to oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid, with elemental sulfur as a possible intermediate. ...
... oxidans to oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid, with elemental sulfur as a possible intermediate. ...
CITRIC ACID (KREB`S, TCA) CYCLE
... the muscle causes an increase in intracellular calcium levels. Thus, during exercise the citric acid cycle will be maximally stimulated in muscle. The regulation of the citric acid cycle is summarized below. ...
... the muscle causes an increase in intracellular calcium levels. Thus, during exercise the citric acid cycle will be maximally stimulated in muscle. The regulation of the citric acid cycle is summarized below. ...
Cellular Energy
... Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. ...
... Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. ...
Unit - 7.pmd
... pπ -p π multiple bonds with itself and with other elements having small size and high electronegativity (e.g., C, O). Heavier elements of this group do not form pπ -pπ bonds as their atomic orbitals are so large and diffuse that they cannot have effective overlapping. Thus, nitrogen exists as a diat ...
... pπ -p π multiple bonds with itself and with other elements having small size and high electronegativity (e.g., C, O). Heavier elements of this group do not form pπ -pπ bonds as their atomic orbitals are so large and diffuse that they cannot have effective overlapping. Thus, nitrogen exists as a diat ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)