Topic guide 5.4: Chemical behaviour of organic compounds
... Consider the simplest organic molecule, methane. This has a tetrahedral structure in which all of the bonds are identical. To account for this, the concept of hybridisation must be used. In hybridisation, the mathematical functions describing the four different orbitals are combined to form four new ...
... Consider the simplest organic molecule, methane. This has a tetrahedral structure in which all of the bonds are identical. To account for this, the concept of hybridisation must be used. In hybridisation, the mathematical functions describing the four different orbitals are combined to form four new ...
Low-temperature anaerobic digestion is associated with differential
... methane from both CO2 and acetate (see corresponding proteins in Table 1) at the time of sampling. Interestingly, a subunit of methyl-coenzyme M reductase, catalyzing the last step of methanogenesis, assigned to Methanoculleus marisnigri (Methanomicrobiales) showed reduced levels of expression as th ...
... methane from both CO2 and acetate (see corresponding proteins in Table 1) at the time of sampling. Interestingly, a subunit of methyl-coenzyme M reductase, catalyzing the last step of methanogenesis, assigned to Methanoculleus marisnigri (Methanomicrobiales) showed reduced levels of expression as th ...
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1768:
... stress, it seems that aerobic atmosphere should severely restrict pneumococcal growth, yet S. pneumoniae is aerotolerant and is able to grow under atmospheric oxygen pressure [1]. This suggests the existence of other bacterial factors that are important for aerobic pneumococcal growth. ...
... stress, it seems that aerobic atmosphere should severely restrict pneumococcal growth, yet S. pneumoniae is aerotolerant and is able to grow under atmospheric oxygen pressure [1]. This suggests the existence of other bacterial factors that are important for aerobic pneumococcal growth. ...
The Lesson of the Kaibab
... Niche- ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ There are two types of things present in an ecosystem: 1.Living things are called ________________________________ factors. Examples: _______ ...
... Niche- ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ There are two types of things present in an ecosystem: 1.Living things are called ________________________________ factors. Examples: _______ ...
29
... to 8 week period because it generally takes this long for the person to reestablish normal red cell levels. The stored cells are re reinfused 1 to 7 days before an endurance event. As a result, the red cell count and haemoglobin level of the blood is often elevated some 8 to 20%. This hemoconcentrat ...
... to 8 week period because it generally takes this long for the person to reestablish normal red cell levels. The stored cells are re reinfused 1 to 7 days before an endurance event. As a result, the red cell count and haemoglobin level of the blood is often elevated some 8 to 20%. This hemoconcentrat ...
Transport of Ammonia to the liver
... Now when Aspartate combines with citrulline, 1 ATP Molecule is consumed and degraded into AMP + Pyrophosphate (P2O74− ). Pyrophosphate is further degraded to give more energy. How many high energy bonds were used in the cycle ? Answer: 4 Bonds. How many ATPs ? Answer : 3 ATPs Urea Moves from liver t ...
... Now when Aspartate combines with citrulline, 1 ATP Molecule is consumed and degraded into AMP + Pyrophosphate (P2O74− ). Pyrophosphate is further degraded to give more energy. How many high energy bonds were used in the cycle ? Answer: 4 Bonds. How many ATPs ? Answer : 3 ATPs Urea Moves from liver t ...
prosthetic group as non polypeptide biocatalyst essential for
... rather, who helps them catalyze these reactions. Some enzymes need helpers or partners, and some don't. There are different types of enzyme helpers, too, with different enzymes requiring different helpers or different kinds of friends. There are examples of cofactors, coenzymes and prosthetic groups ...
... rather, who helps them catalyze these reactions. Some enzymes need helpers or partners, and some don't. There are different types of enzyme helpers, too, with different enzymes requiring different helpers or different kinds of friends. There are examples of cofactors, coenzymes and prosthetic groups ...
lecture2
... transglucosidase acts on the glycogen. The enz transfers a part of the – 1, 4 – chain to a neighbouring chain to form a 16 linkage thus establishing a branch point in the molecule. ...
... transglucosidase acts on the glycogen. The enz transfers a part of the – 1, 4 – chain to a neighbouring chain to form a 16 linkage thus establishing a branch point in the molecule. ...
IGCSE® Chemistry - Hodder Plus Home
... 2 (a) Gas particles from the coffee are moving randomly, from the coffee shop, colliding with other particles in the air until they reach you. They are diffusing. [2] (b) When the temperature rises, the steel tracks will expand. The gaps allow the tracks to expand without buckling the railway line ...
... 2 (a) Gas particles from the coffee are moving randomly, from the coffee shop, colliding with other particles in the air until they reach you. They are diffusing. [2] (b) When the temperature rises, the steel tracks will expand. The gaps allow the tracks to expand without buckling the railway line ...
Export To Word
... Access Point Title Identify that carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids (macromolecules) are important for human organisms. Identify the products and function of photosynthesis. Identify that cells release energy from food so the organism can use it (cellular respiration). Recognize that p ...
... Access Point Title Identify that carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids (macromolecules) are important for human organisms. Identify the products and function of photosynthesis. Identify that cells release energy from food so the organism can use it (cellular respiration). Recognize that p ...
Lecture 35 - Lipid Metabolism 1
... citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation generates lots of ATP. 106 ATP - WOW! ...
... citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation generates lots of ATP. 106 ATP - WOW! ...
Lecture 20
... • Creatine phosphate: A high energy compound that can be broken down for energy and used to regenerate ATP • Anaerobic reaction (doesn’t use oxygen) • Used during very intense, short bouts of activity such as lifting, jumping, and sprinting ...
... • Creatine phosphate: A high energy compound that can be broken down for energy and used to regenerate ATP • Anaerobic reaction (doesn’t use oxygen) • Used during very intense, short bouts of activity such as lifting, jumping, and sprinting ...
IB496-April 10 - School of Life Sciences
... Fate of labeled CO2 in fatty acid biosynthesis Scenarios and calculations ...
... Fate of labeled CO2 in fatty acid biosynthesis Scenarios and calculations ...
Unit5C - OCCC.edu
... – Write all soluble strong electrolytes as ions – Eliminate the spectator ions Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Zn (s) + 2 H+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) + H2 ...
... – Write all soluble strong electrolytes as ions – Eliminate the spectator ions Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Zn (s) + 2 H+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) + H2 ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacterial Respiration
... A wide variety of bacteria can use either oxygen or nitrate as alternative terminal electron acceptors during respiration. Some bacteria such as Escherichia coli (KI2) reduce nitrate only to nitrite, while others, such as Paracoccus denitrijicans (formerly Micrococcus denitriJicans, Davis et al., 19 ...
... A wide variety of bacteria can use either oxygen or nitrate as alternative terminal electron acceptors during respiration. Some bacteria such as Escherichia coli (KI2) reduce nitrate only to nitrite, while others, such as Paracoccus denitrijicans (formerly Micrococcus denitriJicans, Davis et al., 19 ...
LIPIDS - Biochemistry Notes
... metabolized for energy; in diabetes, the glucose is not available for glucolysis due to the shortage of insulin that prevents the glucose entry in the cell; thus, acetyl-CoA is used preferentially over glucose as an energy ...
... metabolized for energy; in diabetes, the glucose is not available for glucolysis due to the shortage of insulin that prevents the glucose entry in the cell; thus, acetyl-CoA is used preferentially over glucose as an energy ...
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
... a. Regulates formation of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate b. Increase [ATP] inhibits pyruvate kinase and slows pyruvate formation o Red blood cells depend on a constant energy supply to maintain structural integrity o Remember that they don’t have nuclei or mitochondria o Therefore, glycolysis is ...
... a. Regulates formation of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate b. Increase [ATP] inhibits pyruvate kinase and slows pyruvate formation o Red blood cells depend on a constant energy supply to maintain structural integrity o Remember that they don’t have nuclei or mitochondria o Therefore, glycolysis is ...
cellrespiration power pointtext
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
Anaerobic protists and hidden mitochondria
... IscU which are present in a double membrane-bound mitochondrial remnant organelle (Tovar et al., 2003). However, with the exception of Nyctotherus ovalis (Hackstein et al., 1999), all mitochondrial remnant organelles, including hydrogenosomes, lack an organelle genome, which was the major distinctio ...
... IscU which are present in a double membrane-bound mitochondrial remnant organelle (Tovar et al., 2003). However, with the exception of Nyctotherus ovalis (Hackstein et al., 1999), all mitochondrial remnant organelles, including hydrogenosomes, lack an organelle genome, which was the major distinctio ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)