Introduction to Carbohydrates
... blocks needed for synthesis of complex molecules - Energy generation by degradation of complex molecules occurs in 3 stages: 1. Hydrolysis of complex molecules: complex molecules are broken down into their component building blocks. E.g., proteins aa’s, polysacch’s monosacch’s & triglycerides ...
... blocks needed for synthesis of complex molecules - Energy generation by degradation of complex molecules occurs in 3 stages: 1. Hydrolysis of complex molecules: complex molecules are broken down into their component building blocks. E.g., proteins aa’s, polysacch’s monosacch’s & triglycerides ...
Vegetable origin latic acid bacteria
... active in the intestines and so it worked as probiotic in the intestines and improved intestine flora. ○ Due to its homo type lactic acid bacterium, this produces lactic acid only, and as it does not produce acetic acid, thus did not produce irritating odor and gas in the pickles. ...
... active in the intestines and so it worked as probiotic in the intestines and improved intestine flora. ○ Due to its homo type lactic acid bacterium, this produces lactic acid only, and as it does not produce acetic acid, thus did not produce irritating odor and gas in the pickles. ...
formula writing and nomenclature of inorganic - Parkway C-2
... 2 Na + Cl2 → 2 Na+ClIn this reaction, each sodium atom is considered to have transferred one electron to each chlorine atom forming, as a result, charged atoms or ions. Since each sodium atom has lost one electron, it is assigned an oxidation number of +1, while each chlorine atom has gained one ele ...
... 2 Na + Cl2 → 2 Na+ClIn this reaction, each sodium atom is considered to have transferred one electron to each chlorine atom forming, as a result, charged atoms or ions. Since each sodium atom has lost one electron, it is assigned an oxidation number of +1, while each chlorine atom has gained one ele ...
Anaerobic Glucose and Serine Metabolism in Staphy
... at 12000 g for 15 min on a Sorvall RC-5 Superspeed centrifuge, washed twice with 02-free 67 mM-Na+/K-lphosphate buffer pH 6.8 (referred to as phosphate buffer) and resuspended to the required concentration in the same buffer. Bacterial suspensions used in anaerobic experiments were held under 0,-fre ...
... at 12000 g for 15 min on a Sorvall RC-5 Superspeed centrifuge, washed twice with 02-free 67 mM-Na+/K-lphosphate buffer pH 6.8 (referred to as phosphate buffer) and resuspended to the required concentration in the same buffer. Bacterial suspensions used in anaerobic experiments were held under 0,-fre ...
Citric Acid Cycle - BYU
... The CH3 end of the acetyl CoA loses a proton and becomes bonded to the second carbonyl carbon (C=O) of oxyloacetate. The coenzyme (CoA) is subsequently lost with the input of ...
... The CH3 end of the acetyl CoA loses a proton and becomes bonded to the second carbonyl carbon (C=O) of oxyloacetate. The coenzyme (CoA) is subsequently lost with the input of ...
The Role of Oxygen in the Viability of Probiotic
... Techniques to protect L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. from oxygen toxicity in yoghurts 1. Use of acorbate and L-cysteine as oxygen scavengers in yoghurts The property of ascorbic acid and L-cysteine to act as oxygen scavengers and maintain low redox potential was evaluated by Collins and Hal ...
... Techniques to protect L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. from oxygen toxicity in yoghurts 1. Use of acorbate and L-cysteine as oxygen scavengers in yoghurts The property of ascorbic acid and L-cysteine to act as oxygen scavengers and maintain low redox potential was evaluated by Collins and Hal ...
INBORN ERRORS OF AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM
... hair, eyes • increased sensitivity to sunlight • increased risk of skin cancer development • sun burns • photophobia • decrease of vision acuity • strabismus, nystagmus ...
... hair, eyes • increased sensitivity to sunlight • increased risk of skin cancer development • sun burns • photophobia • decrease of vision acuity • strabismus, nystagmus ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle The First of the Final Common Pathways
... The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is a large multisubunit enzyme with a molecular mass of over 1,000,000 g/mole. It contains five different enzyme activities on four different polypeptide subunits. In mammals there are 20-30 copies of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (E1); 60 copies of Dihydrolipoyl Transace ...
... The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is a large multisubunit enzyme with a molecular mass of over 1,000,000 g/mole. It contains five different enzyme activities on four different polypeptide subunits. In mammals there are 20-30 copies of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (E1); 60 copies of Dihydrolipoyl Transace ...
1 From Chemical Invariance to Genetic Variability - Wiley-VCH
... volcanic-hydrothermal sites and (ii) formerly nutritious volcanic-hydrothermal components became toxic (e.g., H2 S). Both causes led to the emergence of strategies for biosynthesis of nutrients from metabolites (e.g., from cysteine by desulfurases [26]) or from other nutrients; or strategies for the ...
... volcanic-hydrothermal sites and (ii) formerly nutritious volcanic-hydrothermal components became toxic (e.g., H2 S). Both causes led to the emergence of strategies for biosynthesis of nutrients from metabolites (e.g., from cysteine by desulfurases [26]) or from other nutrients; or strategies for the ...
Tansley Review No. 112 Oxygen processing in photosynthesis
... photosynthetic cell ; the most important enzymes or reactants involved in these reactions are shown in boxes. The oxygen species acting as substrate in each reaction is indicated by the vertical position of the box. Oxidation of water is in green, blue shows disproportionation reactions and reaction ...
... photosynthetic cell ; the most important enzymes or reactants involved in these reactions are shown in boxes. The oxygen species acting as substrate in each reaction is indicated by the vertical position of the box. Oxidation of water is in green, blue shows disproportionation reactions and reaction ...
Metabolism
... • Reaction 1 Hexokinase is inhibited by high levels of glucose-6-phosphate, which prevents the phosphorylation of glucose. • Reaction 3 Phosphofructokinase, an allosteric enzyme, is inhibited by high levels of ATP and activated by high levels of ADP and AMP. • Reaction 10 Pyruvate kinase, another al ...
... • Reaction 1 Hexokinase is inhibited by high levels of glucose-6-phosphate, which prevents the phosphorylation of glucose. • Reaction 3 Phosphofructokinase, an allosteric enzyme, is inhibited by high levels of ATP and activated by high levels of ADP and AMP. • Reaction 10 Pyruvate kinase, another al ...
Week Date Hours Topic Standard IBO Assessment Statement Labs
... State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement. Label a diagram of the human elbow joint, including cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and antagonistic muscles (biceps and triceps). Outline the functions of the structures in the human elbow join ...
... State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement. Label a diagram of the human elbow joint, including cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and antagonistic muscles (biceps and triceps). Outline the functions of the structures in the human elbow join ...
Properties of ATP - BioWiki
... (along with Pi). These constituents are readily interconvertible. We actually break down an amount of ATP each day equal to about our body weight. Likewise we make about the same amount from the turnover products. When energy is needed, carbohydrates and lipids are oxidized and ATP is produced, whic ...
... (along with Pi). These constituents are readily interconvertible. We actually break down an amount of ATP each day equal to about our body weight. Likewise we make about the same amount from the turnover products. When energy is needed, carbohydrates and lipids are oxidized and ATP is produced, whic ...
Chapter 9
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
Biogenic Fe(III) minerals: From formation to diagenesis and
... continents (~2 mM). Fe(II)-oxidizing phototrophs thriving in the photic zone, would oxidize dissolved Fe(II) and reduce CO2 (A1). If present, cyanobacteria would generate isolated oases of oxygen, which abiotically oxidizes Fe(II) to Fe(III). The resulting opposing oxygen- and Fe2+-gradients could a ...
... continents (~2 mM). Fe(II)-oxidizing phototrophs thriving in the photic zone, would oxidize dissolved Fe(II) and reduce CO2 (A1). If present, cyanobacteria would generate isolated oases of oxygen, which abiotically oxidizes Fe(II) to Fe(III). The resulting opposing oxygen- and Fe2+-gradients could a ...
Chapter 9 Notes
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
video slide - Course
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
world journal of pharmaceutical research
... ATP production requires a wide variety of enzymes, such as ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. The source of the compounds which are utilized in the ATP biosynthesis is mainly food; complex sugars such as carbohydrates a ...
... ATP production requires a wide variety of enzymes, such as ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. The source of the compounds which are utilized in the ATP biosynthesis is mainly food; complex sugars such as carbohydrates a ...
nutrition, metabolism, and body temperature
... • Whether amino acids are used to synthesize new proteins or are burned for energy depends on a number of factors: – 1.The all-or-none rule: • All amino acids needed to make a particular protein must be present in a cell at the same time and in sufficient amounts for the protein to be made • If one ...
... • Whether amino acids are used to synthesize new proteins or are burned for energy depends on a number of factors: – 1.The all-or-none rule: • All amino acids needed to make a particular protein must be present in a cell at the same time and in sufficient amounts for the protein to be made • If one ...
The Complete Genome Sequence of Clostridium aceticum: a
... molybdate ABC transport system, as well as genes for a lipoyl synthase and an octanoyltransferase, are also localized in this cluster (Fig. 1, in gray). In A. woodii and Eubacterium limosum, genes coding for the methyl and carbonyl branches are located in two different regions. In all other bacteria ...
... molybdate ABC transport system, as well as genes for a lipoyl synthase and an octanoyltransferase, are also localized in this cluster (Fig. 1, in gray). In A. woodii and Eubacterium limosum, genes coding for the methyl and carbonyl branches are located in two different regions. In all other bacteria ...
Recovery Following Exercise
... • Supply oxygen to re-saturate muscle myoglobin stores • Supply energy for the increased cardiac and respiratory rates that remain elevated during the recovery phase Consequently the amount of oxygen consumed during the EPOC is greater than that which might have been consumed during the oxygen defic ...
... • Supply oxygen to re-saturate muscle myoglobin stores • Supply energy for the increased cardiac and respiratory rates that remain elevated during the recovery phase Consequently the amount of oxygen consumed during the EPOC is greater than that which might have been consumed during the oxygen defic ...
ASPECTS OF ANAEROBIC METABOLISM IN
... The problem of the glycolytic pathway(s) will be discussed later in this section. The change of the amino acid spectrum is confined to a decrease in the glutamate (glutamine) level. The participation of glutamate is rather small, and there seems to be no stoichiometric relation to the accumulation o ...
... The problem of the glycolytic pathway(s) will be discussed later in this section. The change of the amino acid spectrum is confined to a decrease in the glutamate (glutamine) level. The participation of glutamate is rather small, and there seems to be no stoichiometric relation to the accumulation o ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)