- Wiley Online Library
... which can be produced in an industrial scale. However, PHB is a rather brittle and inflexible biopolymer which compromised in its range of applications. To increase the utility of these biopolymers it is necessary to produce PHAs with different monomer compositions, e.g. longer chain length for impr ...
... which can be produced in an industrial scale. However, PHB is a rather brittle and inflexible biopolymer which compromised in its range of applications. To increase the utility of these biopolymers it is necessary to produce PHAs with different monomer compositions, e.g. longer chain length for impr ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... program, v1.0 (Applied Biosystems). Only fragments of a length between 25 and 500 bp were considered for TReFID analysis, as described earlier (42). In short, all detected patterns of restriction fragments were compared to all entries of the TReFID database. Closely related bacteria may yield identi ...
... program, v1.0 (Applied Biosystems). Only fragments of a length between 25 and 500 bp were considered for TReFID analysis, as described earlier (42). In short, all detected patterns of restriction fragments were compared to all entries of the TReFID database. Closely related bacteria may yield identi ...
CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS1.36 MB
... subsequent NAD+-dependent oxidation of malate in the mitochondrion forms oxaloacetate (malate dehydrogenase) • Each NADH molecule can generate up to 2.5 ATP during mitochondrial respiration, greatly reducing the overall energetic cost of urea synthesis. ...
... subsequent NAD+-dependent oxidation of malate in the mitochondrion forms oxaloacetate (malate dehydrogenase) • Each NADH molecule can generate up to 2.5 ATP during mitochondrial respiration, greatly reducing the overall energetic cost of urea synthesis. ...
New Developments in Transmission Electron Microscopy for
... origin of their unique properties. The melting point of a nanocrystal is much lower than the bulk melting temperature.[14] Here, the melting of Pt particles is taken as an example.[15] Platinum nanoparticles with a high percentage of cubic-, tetrahedral-, and octahedral-like shapes, respectively, ha ...
... origin of their unique properties. The melting point of a nanocrystal is much lower than the bulk melting temperature.[14] Here, the melting of Pt particles is taken as an example.[15] Platinum nanoparticles with a high percentage of cubic-, tetrahedral-, and octahedral-like shapes, respectively, ha ...
General and Organic Chemistry: Theory content HT 2016
... Key concepts: The terms oxidation and reduction. Peroxide. 3 methods incl. mechanisms for reduction: 1) hydrogenation, 2) metal hydrides, 3) metals in ethanol or liquid ammonia. 4 methods incl. mechanisms for oxidation: 1) KMnO4, 2) CrO3, 3) peroxy acids, 4) ozone incl. 3 2 methods of treatment of o ...
... Key concepts: The terms oxidation and reduction. Peroxide. 3 methods incl. mechanisms for reduction: 1) hydrogenation, 2) metal hydrides, 3) metals in ethanol or liquid ammonia. 4 methods incl. mechanisms for oxidation: 1) KMnO4, 2) CrO3, 3) peroxy acids, 4) ozone incl. 3 2 methods of treatment of o ...
Organic solutes in Rubrobacter xylanophilus: the first
... signal between the phosphorous and the anomeric signal at 5.46 ppm, and a lesser signal at the same phosphorous resonance to a proton signal at 3.99 ppm, interpreted as the proton at position 2 of the sugar moiety. This interpretation was confirmed by a homonuclear proton correlation spectrum (COSY) ...
... signal between the phosphorous and the anomeric signal at 5.46 ppm, and a lesser signal at the same phosphorous resonance to a proton signal at 3.99 ppm, interpreted as the proton at position 2 of the sugar moiety. This interpretation was confirmed by a homonuclear proton correlation spectrum (COSY) ...
3 hours - The University of Winnipeg
... Question 13. The double bonds of fatty acids are normally in the __________ configuration. During ß-oxidation the double bond formed is usually ____________. a. cis, cis b. trans, trans c. cis, trans d. trans, cis e. none of the above answers are correct Question 14. How many moles of NADH are consu ...
... Question 13. The double bonds of fatty acids are normally in the __________ configuration. During ß-oxidation the double bond formed is usually ____________. a. cis, cis b. trans, trans c. cis, trans d. trans, cis e. none of the above answers are correct Question 14. How many moles of NADH are consu ...
General and Organic Chemistry: Theory content HT 2016
... Key concepts: The terms oxidation and reduction. Peroxide. 3 methods incl. mechanisms for reduction: 1) hydrogenation, 2) metal hydrides, 3) metals in ethanol or liquid ammonia. 4 methods incl. mechanisms for oxidation: 1) KMnO4, 2) CrO3, 3) peroxy acids, 4) ozone incl. 3 methods of treatment of oz ...
... Key concepts: The terms oxidation and reduction. Peroxide. 3 methods incl. mechanisms for reduction: 1) hydrogenation, 2) metal hydrides, 3) metals in ethanol or liquid ammonia. 4 methods incl. mechanisms for oxidation: 1) KMnO4, 2) CrO3, 3) peroxy acids, 4) ozone incl. 3 methods of treatment of oz ...
NITROGEN METABOLISM
... As pointed out in the previous section, nitrogen fixation is confined to selected microbes and plants. But all plants require nitrogen because it has a role to play in the general metabolism. Therefore, plants which do not fix nitrogen, use other combined nitrogen sources such as nitrate and ammonia ...
... As pointed out in the previous section, nitrogen fixation is confined to selected microbes and plants. But all plants require nitrogen because it has a role to play in the general metabolism. Therefore, plants which do not fix nitrogen, use other combined nitrogen sources such as nitrate and ammonia ...
Bacterial Unknowns
... Your learning through this project will be graded in multiple different ways. There will be one test near the end of the project that will be a laboratory practical. Keeping clear and accurate results of your work will help you with this test. Your final grade will be determined by your laboratory ...
... Your learning through this project will be graded in multiple different ways. There will be one test near the end of the project that will be a laboratory practical. Keeping clear and accurate results of your work will help you with this test. Your final grade will be determined by your laboratory ...
Ch13.doc
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
Chapter 15: Aldehyde and Ketones In this chapter, we discuss the
... little solubility in organic solvents and a high resistance to electricity and heat. It is used in a wide variety of household objects and electrical fixtures. ...
... little solubility in organic solvents and a high resistance to electricity and heat. It is used in a wide variety of household objects and electrical fixtures. ...
Selected Solutions to End of Chapter 13 Problems
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
Today`s activities
... • In a food chain each organism obtains energy from the one at the level below. • Plants are called producers because they create their own food through ...
... • In a food chain each organism obtains energy from the one at the level below. • Plants are called producers because they create their own food through ...
5. Respiration Booklet TN
... ATP is produced/energy is released; DO NOT CREDIT energy produced/made/created (by) substrate level/oxidative, phosphorylation; or ATP/energy, required; (for) phosphorylation/glycolysis; or is not a single step reaction/other steps involved/other products/other intermediates; named stage(s)/named in ...
... ATP is produced/energy is released; DO NOT CREDIT energy produced/made/created (by) substrate level/oxidative, phosphorylation; or ATP/energy, required; (for) phosphorylation/glycolysis; or is not a single step reaction/other steps involved/other products/other intermediates; named stage(s)/named in ...
664
... In making disperse azo dyes, nitrosylsulfuric acid is produced by the addition of sodium nitrite, NaNO2, to concentrated sulfuric acid (1g NaNO2 per 13 g H2SO4) Reactions The compound decomposes in moist air forming nitric and sulfuric acids. 2ONHSO4 + O2 + 2H2O → 2HNO3 + 2H2SO4 However, above 50°C ...
... In making disperse azo dyes, nitrosylsulfuric acid is produced by the addition of sodium nitrite, NaNO2, to concentrated sulfuric acid (1g NaNO2 per 13 g H2SO4) Reactions The compound decomposes in moist air forming nitric and sulfuric acids. 2ONHSO4 + O2 + 2H2O → 2HNO3 + 2H2SO4 However, above 50°C ...
Zygorrhynchus moelleri
... Buffers were prepared by adjusting solutions of KH,PO, to the desired p H value (glass electrode) with KOH or HC1. Chromatography. (a) Organic acids. Samples (2 ml.) of the reaction mixture were removed from the Warburg flasks, adjusted to p H 4-4.5 with H,SO, and heated to 70". The precipitated pro ...
... Buffers were prepared by adjusting solutions of KH,PO, to the desired p H value (glass electrode) with KOH or HC1. Chromatography. (a) Organic acids. Samples (2 ml.) of the reaction mixture were removed from the Warburg flasks, adjusted to p H 4-4.5 with H,SO, and heated to 70". The precipitated pro ...
aquatic animal nutrition - Department of Animal Production
... formation is through compound known as acetyl CoA (entering into TCA cycle) fats are derived from the carbon skeleton found in all COH and non-essential amino acids Step 1: COH, NEAA broken down into 2carbon units known as acetate Step 2: acetate converted to stearic acid or palmitic acid ...
... formation is through compound known as acetyl CoA (entering into TCA cycle) fats are derived from the carbon skeleton found in all COH and non-essential amino acids Step 1: COH, NEAA broken down into 2carbon units known as acetate Step 2: acetate converted to stearic acid or palmitic acid ...
What is biomethanation
... collaboratively decomposes organic compounds to low molecular organic acids. Acetate, lactate, succinate, ethanol, butanol, acetone and etc. can be produced from glucose by acidogens. In wastewater treatment, 70% of methane is produced from acetate, and 30% is produced from hydrogen and carbon dioxi ...
... collaboratively decomposes organic compounds to low molecular organic acids. Acetate, lactate, succinate, ethanol, butanol, acetone and etc. can be produced from glucose by acidogens. In wastewater treatment, 70% of methane is produced from acetate, and 30% is produced from hydrogen and carbon dioxi ...
View Full Text-PDF
... are yielding new applications for enzymes. In the last decades, there has been an increasing trend towards the utilization of the solid state fermentation (SSF) to produce several enzymes from microorganisms (Shruti Puri et al (2013) Sodhi H K et al 2005). The food, beverage and agro industries prod ...
... are yielding new applications for enzymes. In the last decades, there has been an increasing trend towards the utilization of the solid state fermentation (SSF) to produce several enzymes from microorganisms (Shruti Puri et al (2013) Sodhi H K et al 2005). The food, beverage and agro industries prod ...
for growth. fermentation end products and genes required growth of
... results suggest that PDH is involved in most or all acetyl coenzyme A production in B. subtilis under anaerobic conditions, unlike Escherichia coli, which uses pyruvate formate lyase. Nitrate respiration was previously shown to require the ResDE two-component signal transduction system and an anaero ...
... results suggest that PDH is involved in most or all acetyl coenzyme A production in B. subtilis under anaerobic conditions, unlike Escherichia coli, which uses pyruvate formate lyase. Nitrate respiration was previously shown to require the ResDE two-component signal transduction system and an anaero ...
4 Dr. M. Alzaharna 2016 Dr. M. Alzaharna 2016 II. REACTIONS OF
... • α-Ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA by the αKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, producing CO2 and NADH. The enzyme is very similar to the PDH complex and uses the same coenzymes. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by Ca+2 and inhibited by NADH and succin ...
... • α-Ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA by the αKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, producing CO2 and NADH. The enzyme is very similar to the PDH complex and uses the same coenzymes. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by Ca+2 and inhibited by NADH and succin ...
medbiochem exam 1, 2000
... D. The Km is the substrate concentration where half of the enzyme is in the form of enzyme-substrate complex. 14. Your patient is a 25 year old male who was admitted to the hospital in a state of starvation. He had been homeless for several months and become depressed and had not eaten for 4 days. Y ...
... D. The Km is the substrate concentration where half of the enzyme is in the form of enzyme-substrate complex. 14. Your patient is a 25 year old male who was admitted to the hospital in a state of starvation. He had been homeless for several months and become depressed and had not eaten for 4 days. Y ...
Ketogenesis (Biosynthesis of ketone bodies)
... bodies, but their production becomes much more significant during starvation, when ketone bodies are needed to provide energy to the peripheral tissues. • Liver actively produces ketone bodies, but it can't utilize it as a fuel because [can not reconvert acetoacetate to acetyl CoA]. • In extrahepati ...
... bodies, but their production becomes much more significant during starvation, when ketone bodies are needed to provide energy to the peripheral tissues. • Liver actively produces ketone bodies, but it can't utilize it as a fuel because [can not reconvert acetoacetate to acetyl CoA]. • In extrahepati ...
2 - Holy Trinity Diocesan High School
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)