2 - Holy Trinity Diocesan High School
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
doc BIOC 311 Final Study Guide
... a. The same thing happens in the heart, but high [cAMP] stimulates AMPDependent Kinase (AMPK), which phosphorylates PFK-2 to activate it. E. How does pyruvate get to the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 1. Malate-Aspartate Shuttle: Involves reduction of oxaloacetate to malate (via NADH), transport ...
... a. The same thing happens in the heart, but high [cAMP] stimulates AMPDependent Kinase (AMPK), which phosphorylates PFK-2 to activate it. E. How does pyruvate get to the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 1. Malate-Aspartate Shuttle: Involves reduction of oxaloacetate to malate (via NADH), transport ...
The Survival of Starved Bacteria
... invoked the phenomenon (termed ‘ cannibalism ’) to account for the increased survival time of dense bacterial suspensions as compared with more dilute ones, but he included within the term maintenance of viability (without growth) a t the expense of materials released by dead organisms. (3)The third ...
... invoked the phenomenon (termed ‘ cannibalism ’) to account for the increased survival time of dense bacterial suspensions as compared with more dilute ones, but he included within the term maintenance of viability (without growth) a t the expense of materials released by dead organisms. (3)The third ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
... • The standard free energy , Go,for the aldolase reaction is very unfavorable (~ +25 kJ/mol) • Under cellular conditions, the real free energy, G, is favorable (~ -6 kJ/mol) • [G-3P] is maintained well below the equilibrium level by being processed through the glycolytic pathway ...
... • The standard free energy , Go,for the aldolase reaction is very unfavorable (~ +25 kJ/mol) • Under cellular conditions, the real free energy, G, is favorable (~ -6 kJ/mol) • [G-3P] is maintained well below the equilibrium level by being processed through the glycolytic pathway ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676.
... Mitochondria enclose the biochemical machinery for cellular respiration; the aerobic processes by which sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down into carbon dioxide & water and their chemical energy is entrapped as ATP. The Kreb’s cycle, also called tri-carboxylic acid or citric acid cyc ...
... Mitochondria enclose the biochemical machinery for cellular respiration; the aerobic processes by which sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down into carbon dioxide & water and their chemical energy is entrapped as ATP. The Kreb’s cycle, also called tri-carboxylic acid or citric acid cyc ...
2 H+
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps § Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme § As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration § Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is t ...
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps § Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme § As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration § Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is t ...
100 Most Important Chemical Compounds : A
... Source: Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania. ...
... Source: Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania. ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl CoA enter cycle, 2 are released as 2 CO2) ...
... • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl CoA enter cycle, 2 are released as 2 CO2) ...
- Circle of Docs
... anaerobic glycolysis conversion of glucose to lactic acid net amount of ATP = 2 aerobic glycolysis conversion of glucose to pyruvate net amount of ATP = 36 (all other tissue) or 38 (liver) depending on the tissue (including the link) occurs in the cytoplasm end products 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate c ...
... anaerobic glycolysis conversion of glucose to lactic acid net amount of ATP = 2 aerobic glycolysis conversion of glucose to pyruvate net amount of ATP = 36 (all other tissue) or 38 (liver) depending on the tissue (including the link) occurs in the cytoplasm end products 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate c ...
Coexistence of organisms competing for the same substrate: An
... Comparable experiments were carried out with the two strains studied. Typical examples are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. On illumination, growth was not observable, but sulfide was rapidly oxidized. Both strains synthesize polyglucose under these conditions. One difference between the two strains was the ...
... Comparable experiments were carried out with the two strains studied. Typical examples are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. On illumination, growth was not observable, but sulfide was rapidly oxidized. Both strains synthesize polyglucose under these conditions. One difference between the two strains was the ...
Metabolic networks: enzyme function and metabolite structure
... Enzyme Commission (EC) classification scheme [20]. According to the EC classification scheme for biochemical reactions, each enzyme is assigned a four-digit EC number (i.j.k.l). The first level of classification (i) denotes the type of chemistry: oxidoreductases comprise class 1, ...
... Enzyme Commission (EC) classification scheme [20]. According to the EC classification scheme for biochemical reactions, each enzyme is assigned a four-digit EC number (i.j.k.l). The first level of classification (i) denotes the type of chemistry: oxidoreductases comprise class 1, ...
TCA (Krebs) Cycle
... or citric acid cycle: located in mitochondrion; common 8-Rx oxidative pathway for all fuels. Two major metabolic roles: energy production and biosynthesis. 4 oxidative steps: capture high DG e– in 3 NADH and 1 FADH2; transfer to ETS for ATP. Substrate level phosphorylation: 1 GTP. 8 reaction ...
... or citric acid cycle: located in mitochondrion; common 8-Rx oxidative pathway for all fuels. Two major metabolic roles: energy production and biosynthesis. 4 oxidative steps: capture high DG e– in 3 NADH and 1 FADH2; transfer to ETS for ATP. Substrate level phosphorylation: 1 GTP. 8 reaction ...
pH Homeostasis in Lactic Acid Bacteria
... lactic acid bacterium S. themphilus was between 6.5 and 7.5 (9, 72). Among the lactic acid bacteria used as dairy starters, only the lactobacilli (Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) appear to grow optimally at acid pH; maximal growth occurs at pH 5.5 to 5.8 (9, 9 ...
... lactic acid bacterium S. themphilus was between 6.5 and 7.5 (9, 72). Among the lactic acid bacteria used as dairy starters, only the lactobacilli (Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) appear to grow optimally at acid pH; maximal growth occurs at pH 5.5 to 5.8 (9, 9 ...
Ch t 19 apter 19 The Citric Acid Cycle
... molecules, such as sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids • Small molecules are processed further, and the end products of catabolism frequently enter the citric acid cycle, which plays a key role in metabolism ...
... molecules, such as sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids • Small molecules are processed further, and the end products of catabolism frequently enter the citric acid cycle, which plays a key role in metabolism ...
glucose-6-P - WordPress.com
... the cell's need. Liver cells also contain an isoenzyme of hexokinase, glucokinase, which has a Km very much higher than the normal intracellular concentration of glucose. The function of glucokinase in the liver is to remove glucose from the blood following a meal, providing glucose 6-phosphate in e ...
... the cell's need. Liver cells also contain an isoenzyme of hexokinase, glucokinase, which has a Km very much higher than the normal intracellular concentration of glucose. The function of glucokinase in the liver is to remove glucose from the blood following a meal, providing glucose 6-phosphate in e ...
Deriving phylogenetic trees from the similarity analysis of metabolic
... of life. It is comprised of a vast repertoire of enzymatic reactions and transport processes used to convert thousands of organic compounds into the various molecules necessary to support cellular life. The metabolism of each organism is subdivided in different metabolic pathways. Each metabolic pat ...
... of life. It is comprised of a vast repertoire of enzymatic reactions and transport processes used to convert thousands of organic compounds into the various molecules necessary to support cellular life. The metabolism of each organism is subdivided in different metabolic pathways. Each metabolic pat ...
lactate
... •Mild to moderate intensity exercise, lot of lactate is formed •High intensity exercise, more lactate is produced and appears in the blood •Muscle is a consumer of lactate ...
... •Mild to moderate intensity exercise, lot of lactate is formed •High intensity exercise, more lactate is produced and appears in the blood •Muscle is a consumer of lactate ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)