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Horse and Cattle Digestion Horse oddities Unable to vomit Lack a gallbladder Stomach Esophageal region of stomachnonglandular Margo plicatus Horse-large intestine Hindgut fermenters-ferment feedstuffs in Large intestine Cecum- via ileocecal orifice Ventral colon- via cecocolic orifice Dorsal colon Small colon=descending colon Horse-large colon Flexures-”turns” in the colon; named for where they are in the abdomen Sternal flexure Pelvic flexure** Diaphragmatic flexure ** Sites of impactions or twists-leads to colic Cranial left right Caudal A=ileum B=Cecum C=right ventral colon D=left ventral colon E=pelvic flexure F=left dorsal colon G=right dorsal colon H=transverse colon I=descending colon Horses-carbohydrate digestion Carbohydrates-poorly digested in small intestines Needed to feed the microbes in hindgut Excess carbs-highly fermented, leads to gas production---BAD! http://www.wcds.afns.ualberta.ca/Proceedings/1996/figures/wc96-058.gif Horses-protein digestion Efficiently digested in small intestines Microbes in the hindgut need proteins Liver secretes urea-helps feed microbes Horses Microbes produce Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA’s) that are absorbed for energy (other animals-what is the primary energy source??) Acetic acid, Proprionic acid, Butyric acids Acids in the colon still need to be buffered Bicarbonate secreted in colon Cows where is bicarb from??? http://eduforum.ugent.be/vakgroep/fysiologie/theorie/LasMinuteTheo2de2006.htm Horses-small colon Absorb electrolytes, water, VFAs Other nonruminant hindgut fermenters? Guinea pigs Rats Rabbits Swine Ruminant digestion Ruminate their food Swallow Regurgitate Chew their “cud”=remastication Breaks down large plant fibers Increase surface area for microbes Swallow again Cattle, sheep, and goats are ruminants Rumination Ruminant digestion Prestomach vs. True stomach Prestomach Reticulum Rumen Omasum True stomach Abomasum Reticulum “Honeycomb” Cranial most chamber Ruminoreticular folds Coordinated contractions with rumen “Hardware Disease” magnet Rumen Fermentation Vat L. side of the cow Muscular pillars with separate chambers within rumen for mixing Ruminoreticular contraction Regurgitation Eructation-escape of CO2 and methane Bloat Control of Rumen Vagus nerve Other factors-rate and strength of contractions pH Presence of VFAs ( ) Consistency of feedstuffs Stretch receptors Fermentative Digestion = protozoal and bacterial action on remasticated plant material Enzymes from microbes! Mammals do not have cellulase! (complex carbohydrate) Simple sugars (glucose) Microbes utilize Convert to VFAs Absorbed – liver converts to glucose Microbes also provide Vitamin B and K Protein digestion Proteins eaten Microbe converts to peptides, then amino acids Used by microbes, then converted to: Ammonia –used by other microbes for protein production VFAs-absorbed by animal So where do cows get protein???? Liver converts ammonia to urea Bug bodies!! Bypass proteins Delicate balance Fermentation balances: Substrate used by microbes (glucose and peptides) Microbe number Amount of microbes product (VFAs and ammonia No rapid changes in diet!!! Omasum The “book” Break down food particles further VFA absorption Remove bicarbonate ions Water absorption Abomasum “True stomach” Similar function as simple stomach animals Left displaced abomasum (LDA), RDA Calf digestion Do calves eat fermentable material?? Rumen/reticulum small and nonfunctional Reticular groove (esophageal groove)esophagus to omasum Ruminants-hindgut Spiral colon Modification of ascending colon Some fermentation in hindgut! This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded under the Workforce Innovation in Regional Development (WIRED) as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration working in partnership with the Colorado Department of Labor and Employment, the Metro Denver Economic Development Corporation, and the City and County of Denver's Office of Economic Development. The solution was created by the grantee and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.