Ecology ppt
... Q. What deduction may be made if the organisms at the start of the chain are less numerous than those that feed upon them? A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their environment ...
... Q. What deduction may be made if the organisms at the start of the chain are less numerous than those that feed upon them? A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their environment ...
The first true obligately syntrophic propionate
... JF-1T. The highest dilution with growth (usually dilution 108) was always used for subculturing. After six transfers, the culture consisted of two morphotypes, Methanospirillum hungatei JF-1T and a rod-shaped bacterium, which formed endospores (Fig. 1). No other bacteria were observed microscopicall ...
... JF-1T. The highest dilution with growth (usually dilution 108) was always used for subculturing. After six transfers, the culture consisted of two morphotypes, Methanospirillum hungatei JF-1T and a rod-shaped bacterium, which formed endospores (Fig. 1). No other bacteria were observed microscopicall ...
Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in cells
... acetyl-CoA molecules consumes 14 atoms of oxygen, whereas its complete oxidation to CO, and H,O involving the citrate cycle requires 46 atoms. Oxaloacetate is used preferentially as a precursor for gluconeogenesis so that less is available to react with acetyl-CoA to form citrate. Up to approx. four ...
... acetyl-CoA molecules consumes 14 atoms of oxygen, whereas its complete oxidation to CO, and H,O involving the citrate cycle requires 46 atoms. Oxaloacetate is used preferentially as a precursor for gluconeogenesis so that less is available to react with acetyl-CoA to form citrate. Up to approx. four ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis - University of San Diego Home
... •The active site is closed off from water once the substrate binds similar to the mechanism found with hexokinase •The formation of 1,3 BPG has a positive standard state free energy change. The reacti ...
... •The active site is closed off from water once the substrate binds similar to the mechanism found with hexokinase •The formation of 1,3 BPG has a positive standard state free energy change. The reacti ...
The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
... Formation of DeoxyTMP from DeoxyUMP Deoxyuridylate nucleotides are never incorporated into DNA. Two mechanisms assure that the deoxyuridylate nucleotides are not incorporated into DNA. First, the enzyme Deoxyuridine Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase rapidly converts any deoxyUTP that is formed to deox ...
... Formation of DeoxyTMP from DeoxyUMP Deoxyuridylate nucleotides are never incorporated into DNA. Two mechanisms assure that the deoxyuridylate nucleotides are not incorporated into DNA. First, the enzyme Deoxyuridine Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase rapidly converts any deoxyUTP that is formed to deox ...
File - twynham a level pe
... Lactate removed during EPOC Slow/ lactacid component Oxygen used/needed for aerobic energy/ATP production formation Lactate mainly converted back into pyruvate Mitochondria/Kreb’s cycle/to CO2 and H2O In inactive muscles/other organs (liver) Some lactate converted to glucose/glycogen/protein Some ex ...
... Lactate removed during EPOC Slow/ lactacid component Oxygen used/needed for aerobic energy/ATP production formation Lactate mainly converted back into pyruvate Mitochondria/Kreb’s cycle/to CO2 and H2O In inactive muscles/other organs (liver) Some lactate converted to glucose/glycogen/protein Some ex ...
4. Microbial Products
... Submerged: stainless steel, aerated using suction pump, production is 10X higher ...
... Submerged: stainless steel, aerated using suction pump, production is 10X higher ...
Unit 16: Understand the Principles and Carry Out the
... For P4, learners must compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration, using each of the points in the unit content as a basis. Suitable evidence would be annotated posters, presentation of posters or pictorial presentations. P5 requires learners to evaluate models of enzyme action. At least two models mu ...
... For P4, learners must compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration, using each of the points in the unit content as a basis. Suitable evidence would be annotated posters, presentation of posters or pictorial presentations. P5 requires learners to evaluate models of enzyme action. At least two models mu ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
... Glyceraldehyde‐3‐P and fructose‐6‐P may be converted to glucose‐6‐P, via enzymes of gluconeogenesis, for reentry to Pentose Phosphate Pathway, maximizing formation of NADPH, which is need for reductive biosynthesis. ...
... Glyceraldehyde‐3‐P and fructose‐6‐P may be converted to glucose‐6‐P, via enzymes of gluconeogenesis, for reentry to Pentose Phosphate Pathway, maximizing formation of NADPH, which is need for reductive biosynthesis. ...
Tutorial 3 (Ans Scheme) ERT 317, Sem 1 2015/2016
... Briggs and Haldane first proposed Quasi-steady-state assumption ...
... Briggs and Haldane first proposed Quasi-steady-state assumption ...
Enzymes and Metabolism - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... Cellular respiration – food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP Anabolic reactions – synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones Catabolic reactions – hydrolysis of complex structures into simpler ones Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc ...
... Cellular respiration – food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP Anabolic reactions – synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones Catabolic reactions – hydrolysis of complex structures into simpler ones Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc ...
video slide - Green River Community College
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
biochem ch 20 [2-9
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, thereby providing link between pathways of glycolysis and TCA cycle 2-carbon acetyl group is ultimate source of electrons that are transferred to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and FAD and also the carb ...
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, thereby providing link between pathways of glycolysis and TCA cycle 2-carbon acetyl group is ultimate source of electrons that are transferred to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and FAD and also the carb ...
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
... Many elements simply combine with oxygen to form the oxide of that element. Heating magnesium in air allows it to combine with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. 2 Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s) Many compounds react with oxygen as well, often in very exothermic processes that are generally referred to as com ...
... Many elements simply combine with oxygen to form the oxide of that element. Heating magnesium in air allows it to combine with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. 2 Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s) Many compounds react with oxygen as well, often in very exothermic processes that are generally referred to as com ...
NUCLEOTIDE metabolism class of 2016
... resulting in future attacks. Stage 4: Advanced gout. If crystal deposits continue to accumulate, patients may develop chronically stiff, swollen joints and tophi. This advanced stage of gout is relatively ...
... resulting in future attacks. Stage 4: Advanced gout. If crystal deposits continue to accumulate, patients may develop chronically stiff, swollen joints and tophi. This advanced stage of gout is relatively ...
Figure 11-1
... further cyclize to yield GHB. (4) Subsequent reactions generate advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as ε-N-carboxymethyllysine and methylglyoxal, compounds that (5) can damage other proteins by cross-linking them, causing pathological changes. ...
... further cyclize to yield GHB. (4) Subsequent reactions generate advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as ε-N-carboxymethyllysine and methylglyoxal, compounds that (5) can damage other proteins by cross-linking them, causing pathological changes. ...
Integration of Metabolism
... a. Almost everything we make in biosynthesis is made from 10 common starting materials b. Sugar phosphates, Keto acids, Acetyl CoA, and phosphoenolpyruvate c. There are a few exceptions, but these are key compounds XV. ATP has 2 metabolic roles [S15] a. ATP has multiple roles b. One role is to push ...
... a. Almost everything we make in biosynthesis is made from 10 common starting materials b. Sugar phosphates, Keto acids, Acetyl CoA, and phosphoenolpyruvate c. There are a few exceptions, but these are key compounds XV. ATP has 2 metabolic roles [S15] a. ATP has multiple roles b. One role is to push ...
Ion counter Ion - San Diego Mesa College
... “ates”( [PO4]3- , [SO4]2- , [ClO4]1- ) 4) Both anions (-ides and -ates) seek out positively charged cations ( Na1+, Ca2+, Al3+ ) to achieve a balance of zero in overall substance charge. ...
... “ates”( [PO4]3- , [SO4]2- , [ClO4]1- ) 4) Both anions (-ides and -ates) seek out positively charged cations ( Na1+, Ca2+, Al3+ ) to achieve a balance of zero in overall substance charge. ...
The first true obligately syntrophic propionate
... JF-1T. The highest dilution with growth (usually dilution 108) was always used for subculturing. After six transfers, the culture consisted of two morphotypes, Methanospirillum hungatei JF-1T and a rod-shaped bacterium, which formed endospores (Fig. 1). No other bacteria were observed microscopicall ...
... JF-1T. The highest dilution with growth (usually dilution 108) was always used for subculturing. After six transfers, the culture consisted of two morphotypes, Methanospirillum hungatei JF-1T and a rod-shaped bacterium, which formed endospores (Fig. 1). No other bacteria were observed microscopicall ...
Test 1 Study Guide
... iii. Chemiosmosis – production of ATP by a proton (H+) gradient. (Fig. 5.15) 1. Protons have been pumped into inter/outer-membrane space. High concentration drives movement of protons back across membrane. 2. ATP synthase: force of proton movement turns powers ATP synthesis. (Fig. 5.16) 3. Electrons ...
... iii. Chemiosmosis – production of ATP by a proton (H+) gradient. (Fig. 5.15) 1. Protons have been pumped into inter/outer-membrane space. High concentration drives movement of protons back across membrane. 2. ATP synthase: force of proton movement turns powers ATP synthesis. (Fig. 5.16) 3. Electrons ...
Supplementary Information to manuscript Microbial life in the Lake
... Text S4. Experimental Protocol for phylogenetic reconstruction. Sequences were checked for possible chimeric origin using Bellerophon software (S14). For the 16S rRNA gene sequences, initial alignment of amplified sequences and close relatives identified with BLAST (S15) were performed using the SIL ...
... Text S4. Experimental Protocol for phylogenetic reconstruction. Sequences were checked for possible chimeric origin using Bellerophon software (S14). For the 16S rRNA gene sequences, initial alignment of amplified sequences and close relatives identified with BLAST (S15) were performed using the SIL ...
Test 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 – Introduction
... iii. Chemiosmosis – production of ATP by a proton (H+) gradient. (Fig. 5.15) 1. Protons have been pumped into inter/outer-membrane space. High concentration drives movement of protons back across membrane. 2. ATP synthase: force of proton movement turns powers ATP synthesis. (Fig. 5.16) 3. Electrons ...
... iii. Chemiosmosis – production of ATP by a proton (H+) gradient. (Fig. 5.15) 1. Protons have been pumped into inter/outer-membrane space. High concentration drives movement of protons back across membrane. 2. ATP synthase: force of proton movement turns powers ATP synthesis. (Fig. 5.16) 3. Electrons ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)