Regulation of secondary metabolism in fungi
... It is interesting that although most fungi cannot carry out nitrification (i.e. nitrate production from NHt or amino acids), Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus can (29—31). White and Johnson (32) established a correlation between the presence of nitrification and that of aflatoxin production in A ...
... It is interesting that although most fungi cannot carry out nitrification (i.e. nitrate production from NHt or amino acids), Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus can (29—31). White and Johnson (32) established a correlation between the presence of nitrification and that of aflatoxin production in A ...
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... ATP is the main energy currency in cells, and it can especially be used to drive condensation reactions that produce macromolecular polymers. How does ATP normally catalyze the condensation reaction, which by itself is energetically unfavorable? A. It transfers its terminal phosphate to an enzyme an ...
... ATP is the main energy currency in cells, and it can especially be used to drive condensation reactions that produce macromolecular polymers. How does ATP normally catalyze the condensation reaction, which by itself is energetically unfavorable? A. It transfers its terminal phosphate to an enzyme an ...
Biology GuideBook
... Objective: Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration: What is lactic acid fermentation and where does it occur? ...
... Objective: Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration: What is lactic acid fermentation and where does it occur? ...
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ
... Control tasks are required to perform and should be given on time. The work carried out with a delay, will automatically be assessed below. The results of the Midterm Examination are marked based on attendance, performance of students independent work in a timely manner, activity at lessons in oral ...
... Control tasks are required to perform and should be given on time. The work carried out with a delay, will automatically be assessed below. The results of the Midterm Examination are marked based on attendance, performance of students independent work in a timely manner, activity at lessons in oral ...
Sulfur Part II: Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds in the Human Body
... b) CoA is also required to initiate the chemical reactions required by the human body to utilize Coenzyme Q10, Coenzyme 1 (NADH) and many of the other nutrients the body needs to stay healthy. c) CoA is also involved in a variety of other functions in the body such as: – the synthesis of the acetylc ...
... b) CoA is also required to initiate the chemical reactions required by the human body to utilize Coenzyme Q10, Coenzyme 1 (NADH) and many of the other nutrients the body needs to stay healthy. c) CoA is also involved in a variety of other functions in the body such as: – the synthesis of the acetylc ...
energy supply components - The Company of Biologists
... important metabolic sequences; its main metabolic fate is reconversion to the phosphagenform. (Again, arginine may be an exception, seeHochachkaef a/. 19836.) P;, however, is another matter. It is a highly reactive metabolite involved in numerous enzyme reactions in intermediary metabolism. Just as ...
... important metabolic sequences; its main metabolic fate is reconversion to the phosphagenform. (Again, arginine may be an exception, seeHochachkaef a/. 19836.) P;, however, is another matter. It is a highly reactive metabolite involved in numerous enzyme reactions in intermediary metabolism. Just as ...
2 H
... Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle ...
... Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle ...
L-1 - West Ada
... and a coenzyme? (cofactor: can be organic or inorganic; Coenzymes are only organic) L-2 Which 2 organic molecules have C, H And O only? (Carbs and Lipids) L-2 When the products contain more free energy than the reactants, the reaction is known as? (endergonic) L-3 List 5 properties of water (Excelle ...
... and a coenzyme? (cofactor: can be organic or inorganic; Coenzymes are only organic) L-2 Which 2 organic molecules have C, H And O only? (Carbs and Lipids) L-2 When the products contain more free energy than the reactants, the reaction is known as? (endergonic) L-3 List 5 properties of water (Excelle ...
Chapter 2 - Water - Technicalsymposium
... Nucleophiles are negatively charged or have unshared pairs of electrons --> attack electrophiles during substitution or addition reactions. Examples of nucleophiles: oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, water (weak). Important in condensation reactions, where hydrolysis reactions are favored. e.g. prot ...
... Nucleophiles are negatively charged or have unshared pairs of electrons --> attack electrophiles during substitution or addition reactions. Examples of nucleophiles: oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, water (weak). Important in condensation reactions, where hydrolysis reactions are favored. e.g. prot ...
Glycolic Acid Labeling During Photosynthesis
... 3-phosphoglyceric acid in stupport of the direct reductive formation of glycolic acid from CO2, whereas Hess and Tolbert (7) reported data which are consistent with glycolic acid formation from sugar phosphates derived from 3-phosphoglyceric acid. It has been proposed that glycolic and glyoxylic aci ...
... 3-phosphoglyceric acid in stupport of the direct reductive formation of glycolic acid from CO2, whereas Hess and Tolbert (7) reported data which are consistent with glycolic acid formation from sugar phosphates derived from 3-phosphoglyceric acid. It has been proposed that glycolic and glyoxylic aci ...
5. TCA Cycle
... Looking back at glycolysis Glucose + 2Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O ...
... Looking back at glycolysis Glucose + 2Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O ...
Ways organisms interact - Franklin County Public Schools
... “Good for me - Good for you” Birds eat parasites living on the hides of giraffes and ...
... “Good for me - Good for you” Birds eat parasites living on the hides of giraffes and ...
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
... capsulatus (Bath) grows on pure methane. However, in a single cell protein production process using natural gas as methane source, a bacterial consortium is necessary to support growth over longer periods in continuous cultures. In different bioreactors of Norferm Danmark A/S, three bacteria consist ...
... capsulatus (Bath) grows on pure methane. However, in a single cell protein production process using natural gas as methane source, a bacterial consortium is necessary to support growth over longer periods in continuous cultures. In different bioreactors of Norferm Danmark A/S, three bacteria consist ...
photosynthesis in higher plants
... and and forms a transmembrane channel that carries out facilitated diffusion of protons across the membrane. The other portion is called F1 and produced on the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane on the side that faces the stroma. The break down of the gradient provides enough energy to cause a ...
... and and forms a transmembrane channel that carries out facilitated diffusion of protons across the membrane. The other portion is called F1 and produced on the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane on the side that faces the stroma. The break down of the gradient provides enough energy to cause a ...
Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Bodies OXIDATION OF FATTY
... molecule has been detected in brain tissue. It does not generate CoA intermediates and does not generate high-energy phosphates. ...
... molecule has been detected in brain tissue. It does not generate CoA intermediates and does not generate high-energy phosphates. ...
EOG Review Booklet
... A change in state is a physical change. When water is boiled it becomes vapor. The water changes from a liquid to a gas. However, the water is still water, so it is a physical change. When solid gold is melted, it changes state as it becomes a liquid. However, the gold has not changed its identity, ...
... A change in state is a physical change. When water is boiled it becomes vapor. The water changes from a liquid to a gas. However, the water is still water, so it is a physical change. When solid gold is melted, it changes state as it becomes a liquid. However, the gold has not changed its identity, ...
Metabolism IV
... Ring is no longer netpositive Ring is still planar but the two hydrogens on the para carbon are not ...
... Ring is no longer netpositive Ring is still planar but the two hydrogens on the para carbon are not ...
Threonine Metabolism via Two-carbon Compounds
... The ability of the threonine-grown bacteria to oxidize glycine and glyoxylate, in contrast to P-hydroxyaspartate, together with the finding of glycine-pyruvate aminotransferase and glyoxylate carboligase activities in extracts, indicated the operation of the glycerate pathway (Kornberg & Elsden, 196 ...
... The ability of the threonine-grown bacteria to oxidize glycine and glyoxylate, in contrast to P-hydroxyaspartate, together with the finding of glycine-pyruvate aminotransferase and glyoxylate carboligase activities in extracts, indicated the operation of the glycerate pathway (Kornberg & Elsden, 196 ...
Amoeba-resisting bacteria found in multilamellar bodies secreted by
... et al. 2008). ARBs include human pathogenic bacteria such as Legionella, Chlamydia and Mycobacteria. It has also recently been shown that the ARB group includes non-pathogenic bacteria (Kebbi-Beghdadi and Greub 2014). ARBs can survive and grow within amoebae and may then escape by cell lysis or exoc ...
... et al. 2008). ARBs include human pathogenic bacteria such as Legionella, Chlamydia and Mycobacteria. It has also recently been shown that the ARB group includes non-pathogenic bacteria (Kebbi-Beghdadi and Greub 2014). ARBs can survive and grow within amoebae and may then escape by cell lysis or exoc ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... Is the flow of lactate and glucose between the muscles and the liver. Occurs when anaerobic conditions occur in active muscle and glycolysis produces lactate. Operates when lactate moves through the blood stream to the liver, where it is oxidized back to pyruvate. Converts pyruvate to glucos ...
... Is the flow of lactate and glucose between the muscles and the liver. Occurs when anaerobic conditions occur in active muscle and glycolysis produces lactate. Operates when lactate moves through the blood stream to the liver, where it is oxidized back to pyruvate. Converts pyruvate to glucos ...
Thermodynamic constraints shape the structure of carbon fixation
... When an indirect coupling is employed, the energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to establish another chemical bond with high energy of hydrolysis, e.g. a thioester. This bond is cleaved by a downstream enzyme to energize an unfavorable reaction. Notably, many pathways exhibit reduced ATP requir ...
... When an indirect coupling is employed, the energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to establish another chemical bond with high energy of hydrolysis, e.g. a thioester. This bond is cleaved by a downstream enzyme to energize an unfavorable reaction. Notably, many pathways exhibit reduced ATP requir ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)