Unit F214 - Communication, homeostasis and energy - High
... OCR has produced these candidate style answers to support teachers in interpreting the assessment criteria for the new GCE specifications and to bridge the gap between new specification release and availability of exemplar candidate work. This content has been produced by senior OCR examiners, with ...
... OCR has produced these candidate style answers to support teachers in interpreting the assessment criteria for the new GCE specifications and to bridge the gap between new specification release and availability of exemplar candidate work. This content has been produced by senior OCR examiners, with ...
Biochemistry Lect 4 – N.42 – Lipid metabolism
... the pancreas andthe liver to release a solution rich in bicarbonate . ...
... the pancreas andthe liver to release a solution rich in bicarbonate . ...
Appendix C - Detailed Research ...
... and store glycogen, the resulting acetyl-CoA units derived from carbohydrates (and under some conditions, also proteins) are turned into fatty acids and cholesterol at the first step of the Krebs Cycle. Acetyl-CoA, the primary substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis, is a product of pyruvate oxidation ...
... and store glycogen, the resulting acetyl-CoA units derived from carbohydrates (and under some conditions, also proteins) are turned into fatty acids and cholesterol at the first step of the Krebs Cycle. Acetyl-CoA, the primary substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis, is a product of pyruvate oxidation ...
MethyZobaciZZus: a New Genus of Obligately Methylotrophic Bacteria
... Currently, six genera of methylotrophic bacteria are recognized: Methylosinus (34);Methylocystis (34);Methylomonas (34);Methylobacter (34);Methylococcus (34);and Methylobacterium (26). Members of the last genus are characterized by the ability to grow on methane and methanol in addition to more comp ...
... Currently, six genera of methylotrophic bacteria are recognized: Methylosinus (34);Methylocystis (34);Methylomonas (34);Methylobacter (34);Methylococcus (34);and Methylobacterium (26). Members of the last genus are characterized by the ability to grow on methane and methanol in addition to more comp ...
Electron transport chain…
... • is the most widely accepted hypothesis to explain oxidative phosphorylation – electron transport chain organized so protons move outward from the mitochondrial matrix as electrons are transported down the chain – proton expulsion during electron transport results in the formation of a concentratio ...
... • is the most widely accepted hypothesis to explain oxidative phosphorylation – electron transport chain organized so protons move outward from the mitochondrial matrix as electrons are transported down the chain – proton expulsion during electron transport results in the formation of a concentratio ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e
... anaerobic respiration uses other molecules in place of O2. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. All cells, aerobic or anaerobic, use glycolysis and fermentation. Anaerobic cells are not limited to these reactions and can undergo an anaerobic version of cellular respiration to increase ...
... anaerobic respiration uses other molecules in place of O2. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. All cells, aerobic or anaerobic, use glycolysis and fermentation. Anaerobic cells are not limited to these reactions and can undergo an anaerobic version of cellular respiration to increase ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 7 – Answers 1. An autotroph is
... anaerobic respiration uses other molecules in place of O2. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. All cells, aerobic or anaerobic, use glycolysis and fermentation. Anaerobic cells are not limited to these reactions and can undergo an anaerobic version of cellular respiration to increase ...
... anaerobic respiration uses other molecules in place of O2. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. All cells, aerobic or anaerobic, use glycolysis and fermentation. Anaerobic cells are not limited to these reactions and can undergo an anaerobic version of cellular respiration to increase ...
animals that survive without oxygen - Det Norske Videnskaps
... ethanol is subsequently released into the blood and leaves the fish by diffusion over the gills. PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. ADH = alcohol dehydrogenase. of acetaldehyde from pyruvate is clearly the key step that makes ethanol production possible, and sets the crucian carp and goldfish asi ...
... ethanol is subsequently released into the blood and leaves the fish by diffusion over the gills. PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. ADH = alcohol dehydrogenase. of acetaldehyde from pyruvate is clearly the key step that makes ethanol production possible, and sets the crucian carp and goldfish asi ...
28 - Weebly
... continues, and NADH delivers its electrons to the electron transport chain. • If there is not adequate oxygen available, NADH returns its hydrogen to pyruvic acid, forming lactic acid, which allows NAD+ to continue to act as an electron acceptor. • Once enough oxygen is available within the cell, la ...
... continues, and NADH delivers its electrons to the electron transport chain. • If there is not adequate oxygen available, NADH returns its hydrogen to pyruvic acid, forming lactic acid, which allows NAD+ to continue to act as an electron acceptor. • Once enough oxygen is available within the cell, la ...
PP - Columbia University
... … CO2 That is, burned. How much energy released then? Glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ΔGo = -686 kcal/mole ! Compared to -45 to lactate (both w/o ATP production considered) Complete oxidation of glucose, Much more ATP But nature’s solution is a bit complicated. The fate of pyruvate is now different ...
... … CO2 That is, burned. How much energy released then? Glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ΔGo = -686 kcal/mole ! Compared to -45 to lactate (both w/o ATP production considered) Complete oxidation of glucose, Much more ATP But nature’s solution is a bit complicated. The fate of pyruvate is now different ...
Chapter 8 - HCC Learning Web
... The hydrolysis of table sugar (sucrose) to glucose and fructose is exergonic. G = −7 kcal/mol Despite this, your sugar sits in its bowl with no observable hydrolysis. If we add a small amount of the enzyme catalyst sucrase to a solution of sugar, all the sucrose will be hydrolyzed within se ...
... The hydrolysis of table sugar (sucrose) to glucose and fructose is exergonic. G = −7 kcal/mol Despite this, your sugar sits in its bowl with no observable hydrolysis. If we add a small amount of the enzyme catalyst sucrase to a solution of sugar, all the sucrose will be hydrolyzed within se ...
UNIT 11. CATABOLISM OF GLUCOSE • Aerobic glycolysis: scheme
... Alcoholic fermentation. Detection of ethanol fermentation products. ...
... Alcoholic fermentation. Detection of ethanol fermentation products. ...
finalcarbohydrat met..
... chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These carriers are either dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycerophosphate shuttle) or oxaloacetate (aspartate malate shuttle). a) Glycerophosphate shuttle: 1) It is important in certain musc ...
... chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These carriers are either dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycerophosphate shuttle) or oxaloacetate (aspartate malate shuttle). a) Glycerophosphate shuttle: 1) It is important in certain musc ...
Chapter 9
... In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduce ...
... In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduce ...
Seasonal changes of trophic transfer efficiencies
... are grazed with equal efficiency. In this and the other cases reality is likely to be best reflected by a middle course. Hence most probable values of the transfer efficiencies are expected within the envelope defined by the different versions. Mass-balanced carbon flow diagrams were established bas ...
... are grazed with equal efficiency. In this and the other cases reality is likely to be best reflected by a middle course. Hence most probable values of the transfer efficiencies are expected within the envelope defined by the different versions. Mass-balanced carbon flow diagrams were established bas ...
Chapter Eleven - Wright State University
... acetyl group = CH3-C -Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. ...
... acetyl group = CH3-C -Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. ...
Lecture 6 - TCA cycle I - University of Lethbridge
... Formation of Acetyl-CoA Biochemistry 3300 ...
... Formation of Acetyl-CoA Biochemistry 3300 ...
Pyruvate - Moodle NTOU
... § In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps § Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme § As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration § Each NADH (th ...
... § In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps § Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme § As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration § Each NADH (th ...
4|HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY
... the cell, metabolized (broken down) and possibly synthesized into new molecules, modified if needed, transported around the cell, and possibly distributed to the entire organism. For example, the large proteins that make up muscles are built from smaller molecules imported from dietary amino acids. ...
... the cell, metabolized (broken down) and possibly synthesized into new molecules, modified if needed, transported around the cell, and possibly distributed to the entire organism. For example, the large proteins that make up muscles are built from smaller molecules imported from dietary amino acids. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)