Plant and Soil
... Many N2-fixing organisms can turn off nitrogenase activity in the presence of N H ] and turn it on again when the N H 4 is exhausted. One of the most interesting systems for accomplishing this is by covalent modification of one subunit of dinitrogenase reductase by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosy ...
... Many N2-fixing organisms can turn off nitrogenase activity in the presence of N H ] and turn it on again when the N H 4 is exhausted. One of the most interesting systems for accomplishing this is by covalent modification of one subunit of dinitrogenase reductase by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosy ...
Metabolism of Xenobiotics
... Sulfation often provides for high-affinity, low capacity catalysis and provides for efficient substrate conjugation at low substrate condensations. Sulfate is rate limiting component within cells. Total extent of sulfation in increased by including sulfate (or cysteine or methionine, which are degra ...
... Sulfation often provides for high-affinity, low capacity catalysis and provides for efficient substrate conjugation at low substrate condensations. Sulfate is rate limiting component within cells. Total extent of sulfation in increased by including sulfate (or cysteine or methionine, which are degra ...
Oxidation - medscistudents
... •Needs hydroxylase enzymes with NADPH and cytochrome P-450 •Dicarboxylic acids are produced during this process. •It is important when -oxidation is defective •The dicarboxylic acids are excreted in urine causing dicarboxylic aciduria •Unsaturated fatty acid can also be activated and transported ac ...
... •Needs hydroxylase enzymes with NADPH and cytochrome P-450 •Dicarboxylic acids are produced during this process. •It is important when -oxidation is defective •The dicarboxylic acids are excreted in urine causing dicarboxylic aciduria •Unsaturated fatty acid can also be activated and transported ac ...
Photosynthesis in Extreme Environments
... When we think of extremophiles, prokaryotes come to mind first. Thomas Brock’s pioneering studies of extremophiles carried out in Yellowstone’s hydrothermal environments, set the focus of life in extreme environments on prokaryotes and their metabolisms (Brock, 1978). However, eukaryotic microbial l ...
... When we think of extremophiles, prokaryotes come to mind first. Thomas Brock’s pioneering studies of extremophiles carried out in Yellowstone’s hydrothermal environments, set the focus of life in extreme environments on prokaryotes and their metabolisms (Brock, 1978). However, eukaryotic microbial l ...
introduction to metabolism -- questions -
... b) Enzymes usually speed up chemical reactions. c) Enzymes are not permanently changed by the reactions they promote. d) Enzymes are highly specific. e) All enzymes are proteins. __ 45. Which is the organic molecule which is sometimes required for certain enzyme activity called? a) an accessory enzy ...
... b) Enzymes usually speed up chemical reactions. c) Enzymes are not permanently changed by the reactions they promote. d) Enzymes are highly specific. e) All enzymes are proteins. __ 45. Which is the organic molecule which is sometimes required for certain enzyme activity called? a) an accessory enzy ...
Lecture Eighteen - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... three pairs of electrons are transferred to NAD and one pair of electrons to FAD In addition one high energy phosphate bond (______) is formed in the cycle As the oxidation of the NADH and FADH forms 9 ATP ...
... three pairs of electrons are transferred to NAD and one pair of electrons to FAD In addition one high energy phosphate bond (______) is formed in the cycle As the oxidation of the NADH and FADH forms 9 ATP ...
Carbon Flow of Heliobacteria Is Related More to Clostridia than to
... In this study, we probed the central carbon metabolic pathway with the following approaches: (i) physiological studies with fluoroacetate; (ii) isotopomer data; (iii) mass spectrum of photosynthetic pigments; and (iv) transcriptomic profiles. Pyruvate is the best known organic carbon source for supp ...
... In this study, we probed the central carbon metabolic pathway with the following approaches: (i) physiological studies with fluoroacetate; (ii) isotopomer data; (iii) mass spectrum of photosynthetic pigments; and (iv) transcriptomic profiles. Pyruvate is the best known organic carbon source for supp ...
Answers set 7
... independent polypeptides held together by non covalent forces, one for each catalytic component plus ACP. In animals, the fatty acid synthase components are strung out as multiple domains on a single polypeptide chain. The functional enzyme is a dimer of two identical chains. In fatty acid biosynthe ...
... independent polypeptides held together by non covalent forces, one for each catalytic component plus ACP. In animals, the fatty acid synthase components are strung out as multiple domains on a single polypeptide chain. The functional enzyme is a dimer of two identical chains. In fatty acid biosynthe ...
Requirements - Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis
... reason, the semester will not be acknowledged. The student in this case is not allowed to sit for the semifinal exam. Missed practicals can be completed only in the same week at another group; certificate from the host teacher should be presented by the student to the assigned teacher. Grading of th ...
... reason, the semester will not be acknowledged. The student in this case is not allowed to sit for the semifinal exam. Missed practicals can be completed only in the same week at another group; certificate from the host teacher should be presented by the student to the assigned teacher. Grading of th ...
Document
... - to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase in muscle - to ethanol (fermentation) via ethanol dehydrogenase • Aerobic pathway – through citric acid cycle and respiration; Enough O2,this pathway yields far more energy NADH + O2 NAD+ + energy Pyruvate + O2 3CO2 + energy Oxygen availability determines f ...
... - to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase in muscle - to ethanol (fermentation) via ethanol dehydrogenase • Aerobic pathway – through citric acid cycle and respiration; Enough O2,this pathway yields far more energy NADH + O2 NAD+ + energy Pyruvate + O2 3CO2 + energy Oxygen availability determines f ...
Lecture 011, Respiration2 - SuperPage for Joel R. Gober, PhD.
... CO2. Now, what--where does this take place? >> [INDISTINCT] >> Could it be cytosol or mitochondria? I like mitochondria, that’s right. So, this is an enzyme that is contained within the mitochondria and as a matter of fact, nothing inside the mitochondria can happen without oxygen. So, this process ...
... CO2. Now, what--where does this take place? >> [INDISTINCT] >> Could it be cytosol or mitochondria? I like mitochondria, that’s right. So, this is an enzyme that is contained within the mitochondria and as a matter of fact, nothing inside the mitochondria can happen without oxygen. So, this process ...
Chapter 24 Fatty Acids as Energy Source Fatty Acids as Energy
... phytol in ruminant animals and thus appears in dairy products. ...
... phytol in ruminant animals and thus appears in dairy products. ...
15. The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in
... Play in Metabolism ◈ Evolution of aerobic metabolism - Nutrients are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. - Organisms can obtain far more energy from nutrient by aerobic metabolism. - Three process: citric acid cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation ...
... Play in Metabolism ◈ Evolution of aerobic metabolism - Nutrients are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. - Organisms can obtain far more energy from nutrient by aerobic metabolism. - Three process: citric acid cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation ...
ACTIVE SITES OF HEMOPROTEINS
... C. Active site of lignin peroxidase Lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), both isolated from Phanerochaete chrysosporiwn, are the two heme peroxidases which are involved in lignin biodegradation (Tien and Kirk, 1983; Glenn et al, 1983; Glenn and Gold, 1985). LiP exists as ...
... C. Active site of lignin peroxidase Lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), both isolated from Phanerochaete chrysosporiwn, are the two heme peroxidases which are involved in lignin biodegradation (Tien and Kirk, 1983; Glenn et al, 1983; Glenn and Gold, 1985). LiP exists as ...
File
... •Generally lower activity than comparable penicillins •Better range of activity than comparable penicillins •Best activity is against Gram-positive cocci •Useful against some Gram negative infections •Useful against S. aureus and streptococcal infections when penicillins have to be avoided •Poorly a ...
... •Generally lower activity than comparable penicillins •Better range of activity than comparable penicillins •Best activity is against Gram-positive cocci •Useful against some Gram negative infections •Useful against S. aureus and streptococcal infections when penicillins have to be avoided •Poorly a ...
Absorption of VFA
... • Can be used in mammary gland as primer for synthesis of fatty acids • Shorter chain acids Methylmalonyl (propionate) • Is used as primer for synthesis of fatty acids in sheep fed high-grain diets • Branched-chain acids ...
... • Can be used in mammary gland as primer for synthesis of fatty acids • Shorter chain acids Methylmalonyl (propionate) • Is used as primer for synthesis of fatty acids in sheep fed high-grain diets • Branched-chain acids ...
glucose - WordPress.com
... AMP and ADP are activators. As ATP is consumed, ADP and sometimes AMP levels build up, triggering the need for more ATP. The enzyme is highly regulated by ATP. If there is a lot of ATP in the cell, then glycolysis is not necessary.. ATP will build at an allosteric site and inhibit binding of F6-P. ...
... AMP and ADP are activators. As ATP is consumed, ADP and sometimes AMP levels build up, triggering the need for more ATP. The enzyme is highly regulated by ATP. If there is a lot of ATP in the cell, then glycolysis is not necessary.. ATP will build at an allosteric site and inhibit binding of F6-P. ...
anabolic and catabolic reactions. Energetics of bacterial growth
... Some textbooks of microbiology still indicate that glucose oxidation involves three coupling sites, with the complete oxidation of glucose producing 38 ATP mol per mol (8), but bacteria do not usually have three phosphorylation sites (37, 39). In E. coli there are several pathways of respiration, an ...
... Some textbooks of microbiology still indicate that glucose oxidation involves three coupling sites, with the complete oxidation of glucose producing 38 ATP mol per mol (8), but bacteria do not usually have three phosphorylation sites (37, 39). In E. coli there are several pathways of respiration, an ...
Lipid Breakdown - Rose
... spiral, not a cycle; each turn of the spiral results in a shorter substrate for the next turn. This contrasts with cyclic processes such as the TCA cycle, which begin and end with the same compound. Energetics of fatty acid oxidation It is useful to compare the energetics for glucose and fatty acid ...
... spiral, not a cycle; each turn of the spiral results in a shorter substrate for the next turn. This contrasts with cyclic processes such as the TCA cycle, which begin and end with the same compound. Energetics of fatty acid oxidation It is useful to compare the energetics for glucose and fatty acid ...
Glycolysis and the Catabolism of Hexoses
... metabolic pathways) may assemble into multienzyme complexes, where intermediates are directly channeled from one enzyme to another, without entering the aqueous solutions, a phenomenon called substrate channeling. ...
... metabolic pathways) may assemble into multienzyme complexes, where intermediates are directly channeled from one enzyme to another, without entering the aqueous solutions, a phenomenon called substrate channeling. ...
Activated Sugar Precursors: Biosynthetic Pathways and Biological
... Glucose-1P (G1P) and Fructose-6P (F6P) can be regarded as the starting materials in metabolic pathways leading to various sugar nucleotides. G1P is formed from the glycolysis intermediate G6P by the enzyme activity phosphoglucomutase (Pgm; EC 5.4.2.2) (MehraChaudhary et al., 2011). The glycolysis in ...
... Glucose-1P (G1P) and Fructose-6P (F6P) can be regarded as the starting materials in metabolic pathways leading to various sugar nucleotides. G1P is formed from the glycolysis intermediate G6P by the enzyme activity phosphoglucomutase (Pgm; EC 5.4.2.2) (MehraChaudhary et al., 2011). The glycolysis in ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Fatty Acid Catabolism March 21, 2003 Bryant Miles Fatty acids are lipids. Fatty acids are also one of the major forms of storage of metabolic energy. There are two distinct advantages in storing metabolic energy as fatty acids. (1) Fatty acids are mainly composed of –CH2- groups which are fully redu ...
... Fatty Acid Catabolism March 21, 2003 Bryant Miles Fatty acids are lipids. Fatty acids are also one of the major forms of storage of metabolic energy. There are two distinct advantages in storing metabolic energy as fatty acids. (1) Fatty acids are mainly composed of –CH2- groups which are fully redu ...
Glycolysis - Rose
... and that in many cell types the formation of glucose metabolites with critical biological roles is as important as the energy produced during the pathway. Overview of Glycolysis Under anaerobic conditions, the glycolytic pathway present in most species results in a balanced reaction: Glucose + 2 ADP ...
... and that in many cell types the formation of glucose metabolites with critical biological roles is as important as the energy produced during the pathway. Overview of Glycolysis Under anaerobic conditions, the glycolytic pathway present in most species results in a balanced reaction: Glucose + 2 ADP ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)