The Effect of Temperature on the Metabolism of
... 25' had a smaller mean cell volume, greater yield value and nitrogen utilization. Ethanol, pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate were secreted to a greater degree in cultures grown at 38". Yeast grown at 25' had a smaller capacity to produce carbon dioxide but greater ability to take up oxygen. Enzymes assoc ...
... 25' had a smaller mean cell volume, greater yield value and nitrogen utilization. Ethanol, pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate were secreted to a greater degree in cultures grown at 38". Yeast grown at 25' had a smaller capacity to produce carbon dioxide but greater ability to take up oxygen. Enzymes assoc ...
Bio-Organic Chemistry will Page | 1
... interested in studying functional groups, i.e., organic radicals that substitute for hydrogen on a hydrocarbon chain or ring (more on all of this at a later date/lecture). “Stretching" between bonds after IR electromagnetic energy (EME) stimulates the bonds An Example of Bond Bending The next two im ...
... interested in studying functional groups, i.e., organic radicals that substitute for hydrogen on a hydrocarbon chain or ring (more on all of this at a later date/lecture). “Stretching" between bonds after IR electromagnetic energy (EME) stimulates the bonds An Example of Bond Bending The next two im ...
The Citric acid cycle
... Martius and Knoop showed that pyruvate and oxaloacetate could form citrate non-enzymatically by the addition of peroxide under basic conditions. Krebs showed that succinate is formed from fumarate, malate or oxaloacetate. This is interesting since it was shown that the other way worked as well!! Py ...
... Martius and Knoop showed that pyruvate and oxaloacetate could form citrate non-enzymatically by the addition of peroxide under basic conditions. Krebs showed that succinate is formed from fumarate, malate or oxaloacetate. This is interesting since it was shown that the other way worked as well!! Py ...
Glutaric Aciduria Type 11: Evidence for a Defect Related to
... Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity estimated by direct dehydrogenation of (CO-CIO)acyl-CoA by fibroblast homogenate is shown in Table 4. Normal activity was found in the homogenates of G A I1 fibroblasts. Glutamate dehydrogenase was determined as a reference mitochondria1 enzyme. The norma ...
... Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity estimated by direct dehydrogenation of (CO-CIO)acyl-CoA by fibroblast homogenate is shown in Table 4. Normal activity was found in the homogenates of G A I1 fibroblasts. Glutamate dehydrogenase was determined as a reference mitochondria1 enzyme. The norma ...
Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine
... In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to Acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one molecule of the A ...
... In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to Acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one molecule of the A ...
Acids, bases and combustion
... b) PH of potassium hydroxide is higher than that of aqueous ammonia. KOH ions are dissociated more than that of aqueous NH3 (a) (i) X ...
... b) PH of potassium hydroxide is higher than that of aqueous ammonia. KOH ions are dissociated more than that of aqueous NH3 (a) (i) X ...
7 rounds of beta oxidation
... Fatty acids (FA) from the diet or from the degradation of triglycerides stored in adipose cells are broken down further to smaller molecules to completely metabolize them and therefore release energy. This process of catabolism of FA includes three major parts: ...
... Fatty acids (FA) from the diet or from the degradation of triglycerides stored in adipose cells are broken down further to smaller molecules to completely metabolize them and therefore release energy. This process of catabolism of FA includes three major parts: ...
Use to make Test Corrections (Answer in complete sentence +10 pts
... 6. Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy: a. lactate. b. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. d. water. e. ethyl alcohol. 7. Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as: a. radiation. b. electrons. c. protons. d. neutrons. e. photons. 8. Select ...
... 6. Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy: a. lactate. b. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. d. water. e. ethyl alcohol. 7. Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as: a. radiation. b. electrons. c. protons. d. neutrons. e. photons. 8. Select ...
Finals Practice Exam answers
... Dehydrogenase, Aconitase from Malate Dehydrogenase, and Succinyl-CoA Thiokinase from Fumarase in their native states, using affinity chromatography only as a last resort. : Size exclusion chromatography could easily separate the six enzymes into three groups of two (Pyruvate dehydrogenase and -ket ...
... Dehydrogenase, Aconitase from Malate Dehydrogenase, and Succinyl-CoA Thiokinase from Fumarase in their native states, using affinity chromatography only as a last resort. : Size exclusion chromatography could easily separate the six enzymes into three groups of two (Pyruvate dehydrogenase and -ket ...
Microbial fermentation (Enzymology,metabolic pathways and
... Enzymes are usually sold based on the activity (u/ml or u/gm). If the efficiency of enzymes are considered, their cost, is based on active enzyme protein u/mg protein (specific activity). The commercial exploitation of enzymes range from high-volume but low cost (industrial enzymes) to low volum ...
... Enzymes are usually sold based on the activity (u/ml or u/gm). If the efficiency of enzymes are considered, their cost, is based on active enzyme protein u/mg protein (specific activity). The commercial exploitation of enzymes range from high-volume but low cost (industrial enzymes) to low volum ...
... Choice B: The potassium channel has been referred to as an enzyme. In which ways is it similar to other enzymes (e.g. serine proteases), in which ways is it different? Choice C: The concentration of potassium outside the cell is 1 mM and the concentration inside is 1 mM. The voltage potential across ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
... of sequentially acting electron carriers, most of which are integral proteins with prosthetic groups capable of accepting and donating either one or two electrons. Three types of electron transfers occur in oxidative phosphorylation: (1) direct transfer of electrons, as in the reduction of Fe3 to F ...
... of sequentially acting electron carriers, most of which are integral proteins with prosthetic groups capable of accepting and donating either one or two electrons. Three types of electron transfers occur in oxidative phosphorylation: (1) direct transfer of electrons, as in the reduction of Fe3 to F ...
Energy and Muscle Contraction
... Therefore, during this time, cellular respiration will be going at capacity, limited only by oxygen restraints. Glycolysis, on the other hand, will proceed at an accelerated rate for the purpose of gaining extra ATP. Note that during this time, pyruvate will be fed into the mitochondria as fast as s ...
... Therefore, during this time, cellular respiration will be going at capacity, limited only by oxygen restraints. Glycolysis, on the other hand, will proceed at an accelerated rate for the purpose of gaining extra ATP. Note that during this time, pyruvate will be fed into the mitochondria as fast as s ...
MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON THE MONOAMINE OXIDASE B
... carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage takes place. Such a step is normally identified as the "rate-determining step" of the enzymatic reaction. An enzyme catalyzed reaction usually consists of a large number of separate reaction steps of similar energy, the rate of only one of which is affected by isotopic ...
... carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage takes place. Such a step is normally identified as the "rate-determining step" of the enzymatic reaction. An enzyme catalyzed reaction usually consists of a large number of separate reaction steps of similar energy, the rate of only one of which is affected by isotopic ...
Redox reactions - SALEM-Immanuel Lutheran College
... bonds is equal to the charge it would have if it existed as an ion in that compound. E.g. H Cl , since Cl is more electronegative, the presumed electrical charges and thus O.N. of Cl and H are 1 and 1 respectively. ...
... bonds is equal to the charge it would have if it existed as an ion in that compound. E.g. H Cl , since Cl is more electronegative, the presumed electrical charges and thus O.N. of Cl and H are 1 and 1 respectively. ...
interactions between malolactic starter organisms and
... volatile acidity. Our experiments confirmed that no acetic acid was produced during growth and active MLF. Only when malic acid was degraded half way and bacteria started to utilize citric acid, an increase in acetic acid was observed. No difference in the final acetic acid concentration was found b ...
... volatile acidity. Our experiments confirmed that no acetic acid was produced during growth and active MLF. Only when malic acid was degraded half way and bacteria started to utilize citric acid, an increase in acetic acid was observed. No difference in the final acetic acid concentration was found b ...
Gluconeogensis
... i. Once it’s out it is reoxydized into oxaloacetate ii. Process called shuttling IX. PEP Carboxykinase Reaction (S9) a. Second reaction of gluconeogenesis b. Cleaves CO2 & attaches a phosphate to oxaloacetate c. Called a kinase b/c ATP is involved d. Single ATP can’t add phosphate to pyruvate to mak ...
... i. Once it’s out it is reoxydized into oxaloacetate ii. Process called shuttling IX. PEP Carboxykinase Reaction (S9) a. Second reaction of gluconeogenesis b. Cleaves CO2 & attaches a phosphate to oxaloacetate c. Called a kinase b/c ATP is involved d. Single ATP can’t add phosphate to pyruvate to mak ...
Energy coupling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... ethanol from xylose and arabinose (van Maris et al., 2006). This review focuses on a third important factor: conservation of free energy (ATP) during product formation. Product pathways with a positive net ATP yield provide microorganisms with free energy for growth and maintenance processes. Howeve ...
... ethanol from xylose and arabinose (van Maris et al., 2006). This review focuses on a third important factor: conservation of free energy (ATP) during product formation. Product pathways with a positive net ATP yield provide microorganisms with free energy for growth and maintenance processes. Howeve ...
Summary of Chapter 24
... • Ala, Asn, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gln, Gly, Pro, Ser, Tyr are nonessential amino acids. • Glycerate-3-phosphate →→→ Ser → Gly → Cys • Pyruvate → Ala • α-Ketoglutarate → Glu → Gln; Glu→→→Pro • Oxaloacetate → Asp → Asn THF→5,10-methylene THF → Gly • Ser • Phe → Tyr by phenylalanine-4-monooxygen ...
... • Ala, Asn, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gln, Gly, Pro, Ser, Tyr are nonessential amino acids. • Glycerate-3-phosphate →→→ Ser → Gly → Cys • Pyruvate → Ala • α-Ketoglutarate → Glu → Gln; Glu→→→Pro • Oxaloacetate → Asp → Asn THF→5,10-methylene THF → Gly • Ser • Phe → Tyr by phenylalanine-4-monooxygen ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These carriers are either dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycerophosphate shuttle) or oxaloacetate (aspartate malate shuttle). a) Glycerophosphate shuttle: 1) It is important in certain musc ...
... chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These carriers are either dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycerophosphate shuttle) or oxaloacetate (aspartate malate shuttle). a) Glycerophosphate shuttle: 1) It is important in certain musc ...
Alkene epoxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 BM-3 139-3 Edgardo T. Farinas,
... the substrates shown in Scheme 1 and Table 1. Benzene was converted to phenol, presumably via epoxidation of the aromatic ring,14 with a maximum initial rate of NADPH oxidation of 200 mol/min/mol enzyme. The wild-type enzyme in the presence of benzene shows no NADPH consumption above background (Tab ...
... the substrates shown in Scheme 1 and Table 1. Benzene was converted to phenol, presumably via epoxidation of the aromatic ring,14 with a maximum initial rate of NADPH oxidation of 200 mol/min/mol enzyme. The wild-type enzyme in the presence of benzene shows no NADPH consumption above background (Tab ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)