Strong, Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bonds May Be Available to Enzymes
... bonds there critically depends. First, enzyme active sites typically possess protein loops that fold down over the bound substrate to exclude water.17 Thus, these sites are largely sequestered from water, making the fact that hydrogen bonds are weakened in aqueous solution beside the point; enzyme s ...
... bonds there critically depends. First, enzyme active sites typically possess protein loops that fold down over the bound substrate to exclude water.17 Thus, these sites are largely sequestered from water, making the fact that hydrogen bonds are weakened in aqueous solution beside the point; enzyme s ...
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... complex producing acetyl CoA, which is the major fuel for TCA cycle • This enz complex requires five coenzymes: thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, FAD, NAD+, and coenzyme-A (which contains the vitamin pantothenic acid) • The reaction is activated by NAD+, coenzyme-A, and pyruvate, and inhibited by ...
... complex producing acetyl CoA, which is the major fuel for TCA cycle • This enz complex requires five coenzymes: thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, FAD, NAD+, and coenzyme-A (which contains the vitamin pantothenic acid) • The reaction is activated by NAD+, coenzyme-A, and pyruvate, and inhibited by ...
Biochemistry_Written_Tests.doc
... 161. Which complexes and enzymes are in the respiratory chain? a. Complex I(point of entry from NAHDH – NADH dehydrogenase), II(point of entry from FADH2 – succinate dehydrogenase), III (cytochrome c reductase), IV(cytochrome c oxidase), V(ATP synthase) ...
... 161. Which complexes and enzymes are in the respiratory chain? a. Complex I(point of entry from NAHDH – NADH dehydrogenase), II(point of entry from FADH2 – succinate dehydrogenase), III (cytochrome c reductase), IV(cytochrome c oxidase), V(ATP synthase) ...
Proton n.m.r, spectroscopic evidence for sulfur
... could be the reason for the higher in vitro biological activity of analogs containing sulfur in position 6 (dearnino-carba-l-O'I') compared to analogs with sulfur in position 1 (deaminocarba-6-0T)(36, 37). The ill vivo biological activity of oxytocin carba-analogs is strongly influenced by oxidation ...
... could be the reason for the higher in vitro biological activity of analogs containing sulfur in position 6 (dearnino-carba-l-O'I') compared to analogs with sulfur in position 1 (deaminocarba-6-0T)(36, 37). The ill vivo biological activity of oxytocin carba-analogs is strongly influenced by oxidation ...
p Research Article NAGARAJA NAIK*, H. VIJAY KUMAR, ANITHA
... 269.11. Anal.Calcd for C 16 H 15 NO 3 : C, 71.36; H, 5.61; N, 5.20. Found C, 71.34; H, 5.59; N, 5.18. ...
... 269.11. Anal.Calcd for C 16 H 15 NO 3 : C, 71.36; H, 5.61; N, 5.20. Found C, 71.34; H, 5.59; N, 5.18. ...
Kinetic mechanism of the dimeric ATP sulfurylase from plants
... In plants, sulfur must be obtained from the environment and assimilated into usable forms for metabolism. ATP sulfurylase catalyses the thermodynamically unfavourable formation of a mixed phosphosulfate anhydride in APS (adenosine 5 -phosphosulfate) from ATP and sulfate as the first committed step ...
... In plants, sulfur must be obtained from the environment and assimilated into usable forms for metabolism. ATP sulfurylase catalyses the thermodynamically unfavourable formation of a mixed phosphosulfate anhydride in APS (adenosine 5 -phosphosulfate) from ATP and sulfate as the first committed step ...
to the full text - David Moore`s World of Fungi: where
... component of the soil, which represents 5-16% of the total organic matter. Here, again, though most soil carbohydrate is in polymeric form. Monosaccharides represent less than 1% of the carbohydrate but cellulose can account for up to 14% of total carbohydrate and chitin must also be well represente ...
... component of the soil, which represents 5-16% of the total organic matter. Here, again, though most soil carbohydrate is in polymeric form. Monosaccharides represent less than 1% of the carbohydrate but cellulose can account for up to 14% of total carbohydrate and chitin must also be well represente ...
Biosc_48_Chapter_5_lecture
... breakdown of glucose, NADH has to give its electrons to pyruvic acid. This results in the reformation of NAD and the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... breakdown of glucose, NADH has to give its electrons to pyruvic acid. This results in the reformation of NAD and the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological
... describes consumption of inorganic nutrients by photoautotrophic phytoplankton, which in turn supports zooplankton and ultimately higher trophic levels. Pathways centred on bacteria provide mechanisms for nutrient recycling. This structure lies at the foundation of most models used to explore biogeo ...
... describes consumption of inorganic nutrients by photoautotrophic phytoplankton, which in turn supports zooplankton and ultimately higher trophic levels. Pathways centred on bacteria provide mechanisms for nutrient recycling. This structure lies at the foundation of most models used to explore biogeo ...
Stoking the Brightest Fires of Life Among Vertebrates
... glycolytic pathway, the malate-aspartate shuttle for maintenance of high cytoplasmic [NAD+ ]/[NADH+ ] ratios during high rates of glycolytic flux, a carnitinedependent pathway for long-chain fatty acid oxidation, and high mitochondrial capacities for flux through the Krebs cycle, electron transport, ...
... glycolytic pathway, the malate-aspartate shuttle for maintenance of high cytoplasmic [NAD+ ]/[NADH+ ] ratios during high rates of glycolytic flux, a carnitinedependent pathway for long-chain fatty acid oxidation, and high mitochondrial capacities for flux through the Krebs cycle, electron transport, ...
Comparative genomics provides evidence for the 3
... heavier isotopes of carbon (incorporated as bicarbonate) than does the Calvin cycle. This leads to the synthesis of organic compounds that are relatively enriched in 13C (Dd13C ~14‰) compared with those produced by the Calvin cycle (Dd13C ~20–25‰) (Holo and Sirevåg, 1986; Madigan et al., 1989; van d ...
... heavier isotopes of carbon (incorporated as bicarbonate) than does the Calvin cycle. This leads to the synthesis of organic compounds that are relatively enriched in 13C (Dd13C ~14‰) compared with those produced by the Calvin cycle (Dd13C ~20–25‰) (Holo and Sirevåg, 1986; Madigan et al., 1989; van d ...
a
... Cellular respiration – food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP ...
... Cellular respiration – food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP ...
Glycolysis
... cell-free extracts. • Citric acid cycle enzymes are located in “insoluble cell structures” and are either not present or not stable in cell-free extracts. ...
... cell-free extracts. • Citric acid cycle enzymes are located in “insoluble cell structures” and are either not present or not stable in cell-free extracts. ...
and Transfer of Ruminococcus pasteurii Schink 1984 to
... a fructose-1,6-bisphosphate-activated lactate dehydrogenase, and oxygen tolerance was observed, characteristics which are consistent with assignment to this group. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics and unique signature nucleotides, we propose that strain KoTa2 (= DSM 2381 = ATCC 35945) ...
... a fructose-1,6-bisphosphate-activated lactate dehydrogenase, and oxygen tolerance was observed, characteristics which are consistent with assignment to this group. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics and unique signature nucleotides, we propose that strain KoTa2 (= DSM 2381 = ATCC 35945) ...
The Protozoa
... of life’s various functions must be performed within the individual protozoan, some morphological and physiological features are unique to protozoan cells. In some species the cytoplasm immediately under the plasma membrane is semisolid or gelatinous, giving some rigidity to the cell body. It is ter ...
... of life’s various functions must be performed within the individual protozoan, some morphological and physiological features are unique to protozoan cells. In some species the cytoplasm immediately under the plasma membrane is semisolid or gelatinous, giving some rigidity to the cell body. It is ter ...
modelling human energy conversion and metabolism
... 2. Implementing a whole body model of human energy conversion and heat transport We will start with the description of a whole body computational model that describes the physiological system of an athlete performing external work at the macroscopic level. Although the model can be applied to variou ...
... 2. Implementing a whole body model of human energy conversion and heat transport We will start with the description of a whole body computational model that describes the physiological system of an athlete performing external work at the macroscopic level. Although the model can be applied to variou ...
Lab 6 - CELLULAR RESPIRATION: THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... Again, a successful reaction can be easily monitored using a spectrophotometer and will be indicated by a decrease in OD units (measured as Abs620nm) over time. Mitochondria will be isolated from cauliflower tissue by differential centrifugation. Upon completion of this step, you will have samples o ...
... Again, a successful reaction can be easily monitored using a spectrophotometer and will be indicated by a decrease in OD units (measured as Abs620nm) over time. Mitochondria will be isolated from cauliflower tissue by differential centrifugation. Upon completion of this step, you will have samples o ...
13.0 Redox Reactions PowerPoint
... transferred between entities • The total number of electrons gained in the reduction equals the total number of electrons lost in the oxidation • Reduction is a process in which electrons are gained by an entity • Oxidation is a process in which electrons are lost by an entity • Both reduction and o ...
... transferred between entities • The total number of electrons gained in the reduction equals the total number of electrons lost in the oxidation • Reduction is a process in which electrons are gained by an entity • Oxidation is a process in which electrons are lost by an entity • Both reduction and o ...
Glycogen Metabolism - http://www.utm.edu
... catalyzed by phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PP1). In muscle, phosphorylation of a regulatory glycogen binding protein, GM in response to insulin (which causes dephosphorylation of other Es) at site 1 activates PP1. This results in the opposite activities to the above (GS active to store the plentiful ...
... catalyzed by phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PP1). In muscle, phosphorylation of a regulatory glycogen binding protein, GM in response to insulin (which causes dephosphorylation of other Es) at site 1 activates PP1. This results in the opposite activities to the above (GS active to store the plentiful ...
Lecture 5 - Fermentation and CHO feeder
... Anaerobic pyruvate utilization = Fermentation Both pathways use the NADH (produced in glycolysis): Overall: Glucose → 2 lactate + 2 ATP Biochemistry 3300 ...
... Anaerobic pyruvate utilization = Fermentation Both pathways use the NADH (produced in glycolysis): Overall: Glucose → 2 lactate + 2 ATP Biochemistry 3300 ...
Chapter 26
... Folate Analogs as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents • De novo purine biosynthesis depends on folic acid compounds at steps 4 and 10 • For this reason, antagonists of folic acid metabolism indirectly inhibit purine formation and, in turn, nucleic acid synthesis, cell growth, and cell development • ...
... Folate Analogs as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents • De novo purine biosynthesis depends on folic acid compounds at steps 4 and 10 • For this reason, antagonists of folic acid metabolism indirectly inhibit purine formation and, in turn, nucleic acid synthesis, cell growth, and cell development • ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)