Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
... and a poor chemical affinity, and so a very poor ATP flux. (b) The distribution of local exergonisms along the pathway. The thermodynamic analysis developed in [14] led to a surprising result relating kinetic and thermodynamic features ; in a metabolic system under a given total affinity (a net exer ...
... and a poor chemical affinity, and so a very poor ATP flux. (b) The distribution of local exergonisms along the pathway. The thermodynamic analysis developed in [14] led to a surprising result relating kinetic and thermodynamic features ; in a metabolic system under a given total affinity (a net exer ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... 26. (Page 25.) List several structural features that white muscle cells have that explains why these muscle fibers mainly use glycolysis to synthesize ATP (as opposed to the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation). 27. (Page 26.) Why are white muscle fibers also called "fast-twitch glycolytic fib ...
... 26. (Page 25.) List several structural features that white muscle cells have that explains why these muscle fibers mainly use glycolysis to synthesize ATP (as opposed to the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation). 27. (Page 26.) Why are white muscle fibers also called "fast-twitch glycolytic fib ...
The Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation and their
... whereas none of the ‘amylovora’ cluster (except E. tracheiphila) and only some of the ‘herbicola’ cluster could do so. Casamino acids or glutamate, provided as sole source of nitrogen, supported growth of all species. The activities of GS, NADP-GOGAT and NADP-GDH in extracts of members of the ‘herbi ...
... whereas none of the ‘amylovora’ cluster (except E. tracheiphila) and only some of the ‘herbicola’ cluster could do so. Casamino acids or glutamate, provided as sole source of nitrogen, supported growth of all species. The activities of GS, NADP-GOGAT and NADP-GDH in extracts of members of the ‘herbi ...
Student notes in ppt
... Once the electron-rich carbons of fatty acids are moved into the mitochondrial matrix, their high energy redox potential is traded in for a substantial payout of ATP This energy conversion process of fatty acid --> ATP involves oxidation of fatty acids by sequential degradation of C2 units leading t ...
... Once the electron-rich carbons of fatty acids are moved into the mitochondrial matrix, their high energy redox potential is traded in for a substantial payout of ATP This energy conversion process of fatty acid --> ATP involves oxidation of fatty acids by sequential degradation of C2 units leading t ...
Muscle Metabolism - Interactive Physiology
... 25. White muscle fibers and red muscle fibers. 26. The cells have little myoglobin to bind oxygen . Glycolysis does not need oxygen. The cells have few capillaries. Glycolysis does not require that oxygen be delivered via the blood to muscle. Also glycolysis can utilize glycogen as an energy source ...
... 25. White muscle fibers and red muscle fibers. 26. The cells have little myoglobin to bind oxygen . Glycolysis does not need oxygen. The cells have few capillaries. Glycolysis does not require that oxygen be delivered via the blood to muscle. Also glycolysis can utilize glycogen as an energy source ...
Ch. 23 Oxidation of fatty acids, ketones 1. Fatty acids are fuels:
... • FA oxidation gives NADH, FAD(2H) by βoxidation; TCA cycle -> high ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ and Acetyl CoA concentrations • AMP-dep PK adjusts [malonyl CoA] so CPT1 and β-oxidation operate as needed ...
... • FA oxidation gives NADH, FAD(2H) by βoxidation; TCA cycle -> high ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ and Acetyl CoA concentrations • AMP-dep PK adjusts [malonyl CoA] so CPT1 and β-oxidation operate as needed ...
Nitrogenous Wastes
... Of the four major macromolecules in biological systems, both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen. During the catabolism, or breakdown, of nitrogen-containing macromolecules, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are extracted and stored in the form of carbohydrates and fats. Excess nitrogen is excret ...
... Of the four major macromolecules in biological systems, both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen. During the catabolism, or breakdown, of nitrogen-containing macromolecules, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are extracted and stored in the form of carbohydrates and fats. Excess nitrogen is excret ...
Pod photosynthesis and seed dark CO2 fixation support oil
... such as phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate phosphokinase and pyruvate kinase; though showed higher activity in cytosolic fraction, were present in both cytoplasmic and leucoplasitc fractions. These results are consistent with the proposal t ...
... such as phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate phosphokinase and pyruvate kinase; though showed higher activity in cytosolic fraction, were present in both cytoplasmic and leucoplasitc fractions. These results are consistent with the proposal t ...
BIOL260 Chapter 5 Lecture
... Aerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operates unde ...
... Aerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operates unde ...
CHAPTER-8 NCERT SOLUTIONS
... get colourless pungent smelling gas HCl, but if the mixture contains bromide then we get red vapour of bromine. Why? Answer: (a) In the manufacture of benzoic acid from toluene, alcoholic potassium permanganate is used as an oxidant because of the following reasons. (i) In a neutral medium, OH– ions ...
... get colourless pungent smelling gas HCl, but if the mixture contains bromide then we get red vapour of bromine. Why? Answer: (a) In the manufacture of benzoic acid from toluene, alcoholic potassium permanganate is used as an oxidant because of the following reasons. (i) In a neutral medium, OH– ions ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Why is gluconeogenesis not just the reverse of glycolysis? The reverse of glycolysis is 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H20 a glucose +2ADP +2Pi + 2 NAD + (DG = +74 kJ/mol) This is thermodynamically unfavorable, so energetically unfavorable steps in the reverse glyolysis reaction are replaced a ...
... Why is gluconeogenesis not just the reverse of glycolysis? The reverse of glycolysis is 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H20 a glucose +2ADP +2Pi + 2 NAD + (DG = +74 kJ/mol) This is thermodynamically unfavorable, so energetically unfavorable steps in the reverse glyolysis reaction are replaced a ...
Coenzymes and Cofactors (PDF Available)
... functional groups are not suited to redox chemistry. One notable exception is cysteine, which can be oxidized by one electron per cysteine residue to form a disulfide bond, and the disulfide bond can be re-reduced by two electrons to form two cysteine sulfhydryls. The only other exceptions are the few ...
... functional groups are not suited to redox chemistry. One notable exception is cysteine, which can be oxidized by one electron per cysteine residue to form a disulfide bond, and the disulfide bond can be re-reduced by two electrons to form two cysteine sulfhydryls. The only other exceptions are the few ...
Lecture 12 - Nucleotide Biosynthesis - chem.uwec.edu
... promotes the release of a hydorxide ion on carbon-2. ...
... promotes the release of a hydorxide ion on carbon-2. ...
C454_lect12 - chem.uwec.edu - University of Wisconsin
... promotes the release of a hydorxide ion on carbon-2. ...
... promotes the release of a hydorxide ion on carbon-2. ...
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
... compartments in which a variety of metabolic activities take place. The generation of metabolic energy is a major activity of all cells, and two cytoplasmic organelles are specifically devoted to energy metabolism and the production of ATP. Mitochondria are responsible for generating most of the use ...
... compartments in which a variety of metabolic activities take place. The generation of metabolic energy is a major activity of all cells, and two cytoplasmic organelles are specifically devoted to energy metabolism and the production of ATP. Mitochondria are responsible for generating most of the use ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC)
... into glycolytic intermediates when NADPH needs are higher than the need for nucleotide biosynthesis. 3. GAP and F6P can be consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Can also be used for gluconeogenesis to form G6P 5. 1 molecule of G6P can be converted via 6 cycles of PPP and gluc ...
... into glycolytic intermediates when NADPH needs are higher than the need for nucleotide biosynthesis. 3. GAP and F6P can be consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Can also be used for gluconeogenesis to form G6P 5. 1 molecule of G6P can be converted via 6 cycles of PPP and gluc ...
Requires Rubisco
... C4 plants use CO2 at PCO2 down to 1 to 2 x 10-6 atm (1 to 2 ppm). In C3 plants, CO2 fixation stops when PCO2 is 5 x 10 -5 atm (50 ppm). At 5 x 10 -5 atm, CO2 fixation rate = photorespiration rate. However, plants living in hot climates need to conserve water, which requires them to use low CO2 conce ...
... C4 plants use CO2 at PCO2 down to 1 to 2 x 10-6 atm (1 to 2 ppm). In C3 plants, CO2 fixation stops when PCO2 is 5 x 10 -5 atm (50 ppm). At 5 x 10 -5 atm, CO2 fixation rate = photorespiration rate. However, plants living in hot climates need to conserve water, which requires them to use low CO2 conce ...
Alcohols
... -- dissolve in water to some degree -- are more polar than hydrocarbons but less polar than water ...
... -- dissolve in water to some degree -- are more polar than hydrocarbons but less polar than water ...
Chemistry
... Carbs provide us with quick energy. Monosaccharides are made up of one single sugar molecule. Monosaccharides are in their simplest form….does not need to be digested. ...
... Carbs provide us with quick energy. Monosaccharides are made up of one single sugar molecule. Monosaccharides are in their simplest form….does not need to be digested. ...
Butyrate formation from glucose by the rumen protozoon Dasytricha
... hydro-lyase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase, phosphate butyryltransferase and butyrate kinase. Subcellular fractionation by differential and density-gradient centrifugation on sucrose gradients indicated that all those enzymes except pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase were non-sedimentable at 6 x 106g ...
... hydro-lyase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase, phosphate butyryltransferase and butyrate kinase. Subcellular fractionation by differential and density-gradient centrifugation on sucrose gradients indicated that all those enzymes except pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase were non-sedimentable at 6 x 106g ...
Chapter 6 PowerPoint File
... • Chloroplasts rearrange the atoms of these ingredients to produce sugars (glucose) and other organic molecules. – Oxygen gas is a by-product of photosynthesis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • Chloroplasts rearrange the atoms of these ingredients to produce sugars (glucose) and other organic molecules. – Oxygen gas is a by-product of photosynthesis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)