Chemical Characterization of Polar Species in Colombian
... two oxygen atoms were identified likely derivatives of carboxylic acids and phenols. The end-cut showed to be enriched in multi-heteroatom compounds attributed to the concentration of asphaltenes in this subfraction, also, this subfraction content the most condensed aromatic compounds derived from t ...
... two oxygen atoms were identified likely derivatives of carboxylic acids and phenols. The end-cut showed to be enriched in multi-heteroatom compounds attributed to the concentration of asphaltenes in this subfraction, also, this subfraction content the most condensed aromatic compounds derived from t ...
Chapter 6 PowerPoint File
... • Chloroplasts rearrange the atoms of these ingredients to produce sugars (glucose) and other organic molecules. – Oxygen gas is a by-product of photosynthesis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • Chloroplasts rearrange the atoms of these ingredients to produce sugars (glucose) and other organic molecules. – Oxygen gas is a by-product of photosynthesis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Mitochondrial b
... movement of glucose in the direction of those tissues with an obligatory requirement, such as CNS. This, in brief, is the conventional view of the whole body response to fasting and is mediated by regulatory mechanisms which will not be discussed further here. It is clear from the above that impaire ...
... movement of glucose in the direction of those tissues with an obligatory requirement, such as CNS. This, in brief, is the conventional view of the whole body response to fasting and is mediated by regulatory mechanisms which will not be discussed further here. It is clear from the above that impaire ...
The Science of Beers
... 3 Types of Yeast Used in Brewing Ale yeasts are top-fermenting, can ferment at higher temperatures, and tend to produce more esters. Lager yeasts are bottom fermenting, ferment at lower temperatures, and produce a more “crisp” taste. Wild yeasts produce a lot of unusual compounds and contribute to ...
... 3 Types of Yeast Used in Brewing Ale yeasts are top-fermenting, can ferment at higher temperatures, and tend to produce more esters. Lager yeasts are bottom fermenting, ferment at lower temperatures, and produce a more “crisp” taste. Wild yeasts produce a lot of unusual compounds and contribute to ...
Mitochondria and energy production
... began releasing oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere (Fig. 1) [1]. Oxygen is an atypical molecule (Fig. 1). Although it is a diradical, its two unpaired electrons are located on different orbitals and have a parallel spin, making oxygen a relatively stable molecule [2]. Yet, oxygen is avid for electrons ...
... began releasing oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere (Fig. 1) [1]. Oxygen is an atypical molecule (Fig. 1). Although it is a diradical, its two unpaired electrons are located on different orbitals and have a parallel spin, making oxygen a relatively stable molecule [2]. Yet, oxygen is avid for electrons ...
Enzymes - University of Lethbridge
... 2) How do you detect metabolites in the cell? Metabolites are more diverse than proteins/nucleic acids and often present in low concentration. 3) Have all reactions been identified? How do we show a pathway is complete? Biochemistry 3300 ...
... 2) How do you detect metabolites in the cell? Metabolites are more diverse than proteins/nucleic acids and often present in low concentration. 3) Have all reactions been identified? How do we show a pathway is complete? Biochemistry 3300 ...
Bovine Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein
... PGN exclusively. Bovine PGRP-S has been shown to kill microorganisms in which PGN is either buried (Gram-negative bacteria) or absent (Cryptococcus neoformans) (10), and Holotrichia PGRP-S has been shown to trigger an insect immune response by specifically binding 1,3--glucan (15). In addition, sol ...
... PGN exclusively. Bovine PGRP-S has been shown to kill microorganisms in which PGN is either buried (Gram-negative bacteria) or absent (Cryptococcus neoformans) (10), and Holotrichia PGRP-S has been shown to trigger an insect immune response by specifically binding 1,3--glucan (15). In addition, sol ...
Adaptations of anaerobic archaea to life under extreme energy
... Beimborn, 1985; Thauer et al., 2008). Methyl-CoM is then reduced with coenzyme B (CoB, 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreoninephosphate) to CH4, and a heterodisulfide of CoM and CoB, CoM-S-S-CoB, is formed. The reduction of this heterodisulfide is the ultimate step in the pathway. The process, by which the het ...
... Beimborn, 1985; Thauer et al., 2008). Methyl-CoM is then reduced with coenzyme B (CoB, 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreoninephosphate) to CH4, and a heterodisulfide of CoM and CoB, CoM-S-S-CoB, is formed. The reduction of this heterodisulfide is the ultimate step in the pathway. The process, by which the het ...
Simulating the physiology of athletes during endurance
... 2. Implementing a whole body model of human energy conversion and heat transport We will start with the description of a whole body computational model that describes the physiological system of an athlete performing external work at the macroscopic level. Although the model can be applied to variou ...
... 2. Implementing a whole body model of human energy conversion and heat transport We will start with the description of a whole body computational model that describes the physiological system of an athlete performing external work at the macroscopic level. Although the model can be applied to variou ...
Amino Acids Metabolism: Disposal of Nitrogen.
... NH4+ from metabolic processes as nucleotide degradation. -This toxic ammonia is converted into amino group of glutamine that transported to liver or kidneys. - Glutamine: non-toxic transport form of NH4+ and also source of amino group in many biosynthesis reactions. - The amide nitrogen of glutamine ...
... NH4+ from metabolic processes as nucleotide degradation. -This toxic ammonia is converted into amino group of glutamine that transported to liver or kidneys. - Glutamine: non-toxic transport form of NH4+ and also source of amino group in many biosynthesis reactions. - The amide nitrogen of glutamine ...
Gluconeogenesis
... of NADH. This is done in the glyoxyzome, separate from the mitochondria and allows a replenishment of oxaloacetate. Isocitrate lyase - cleaves isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. The succinate goes to the mitochondria Malate synthase makes malate from glyoxylate and AcetylCoA. The Oxaloacetate ...
... of NADH. This is done in the glyoxyzome, separate from the mitochondria and allows a replenishment of oxaloacetate. Isocitrate lyase - cleaves isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. The succinate goes to the mitochondria Malate synthase makes malate from glyoxylate and AcetylCoA. The Oxaloacetate ...
幻灯片 1
... the fatty acids from which they are derived but they make up for this deficiency by serving as “water-soluble lipids” that can be more readily transported in the blood plasma. During starvation, ketone bodies are produced in large amounts becoming substitutes for glucose as the principal fuel for br ...
... the fatty acids from which they are derived but they make up for this deficiency by serving as “water-soluble lipids” that can be more readily transported in the blood plasma. During starvation, ketone bodies are produced in large amounts becoming substitutes for glucose as the principal fuel for br ...
Time course of differential mitochondrial energy metabolism
... right ventricle (RV) due to pulmonary hypertension that requires additional energy to overcome this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phos ...
... right ventricle (RV) due to pulmonary hypertension that requires additional energy to overcome this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phos ...
Biosphere 4-2 & 3-3 - local.brookings.k12.sd.us
... predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment; explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems; describe how various factors may affect global climate; ...
... predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment; explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems; describe how various factors may affect global climate; ...
Bioenergetics, glycolysis, metabolism of monosaccharides and
... Glycolysis occurs in cytosol is employed by all tissues for the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to provide energy (ATP) and intermediates for other metabolic pathways. 1. Aerobic glycolysis (Figure B 8.9 in the next slide) : Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis in cells with mitochondria and ...
... Glycolysis occurs in cytosol is employed by all tissues for the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to provide energy (ATP) and intermediates for other metabolic pathways. 1. Aerobic glycolysis (Figure B 8.9 in the next slide) : Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis in cells with mitochondria and ...
Nucleic Acids - Lyndhurst Schools
... Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – nucleic acid that stores & transmits genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next by coding for the production of a cell’s proteins ...
... Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – nucleic acid that stores & transmits genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next by coding for the production of a cell’s proteins ...
Advances in Environmental Biology
... Cyanobacteria are the microorganisms which exist in any places. Cyanobacteria are also known as bluegreen algae, blue-green bacteria. Thermophilic Cyanobacteria are interesting study organisms for basic as well as for applied research. Their ancestors are possibly the oldest primary producer organis ...
... Cyanobacteria are the microorganisms which exist in any places. Cyanobacteria are also known as bluegreen algae, blue-green bacteria. Thermophilic Cyanobacteria are interesting study organisms for basic as well as for applied research. Their ancestors are possibly the oldest primary producer organis ...
Energetic Effects of Multiple Hydrogen Bonds. Implications for
... of multiple hydrogen bonds can be large and nearly additive. Hydrogen bonding and other weak electrostatic interactions can be independent or nearly so, as each of these interactions, in contrast to covalent interactions, produces little change in charge distribution.18 Thus, the combined energetic ...
... of multiple hydrogen bonds can be large and nearly additive. Hydrogen bonding and other weak electrostatic interactions can be independent or nearly so, as each of these interactions, in contrast to covalent interactions, produces little change in charge distribution.18 Thus, the combined energetic ...
Chapter 3
... production occurs in the mitochondria as a result of a complex interaction between the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. The primary role of the Krebs cycle is to complete the oxidation of substrates and form NADH and FADH to enter the electron transport chain. The end result of the elec ...
... production occurs in the mitochondria as a result of a complex interaction between the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. The primary role of the Krebs cycle is to complete the oxidation of substrates and form NADH and FADH to enter the electron transport chain. The end result of the elec ...
chapt05_lecture
... c. Lipolysis: breaking triglycerides down into fatty acids and glycerol using the enzyme lipase. 1) Fatty acids can then enter the blood as blood-borne energy carriers and be used for energy elsewhere. 2) Glycerol is taken up by the liver and converted to ...
... c. Lipolysis: breaking triglycerides down into fatty acids and glycerol using the enzyme lipase. 1) Fatty acids can then enter the blood as blood-borne energy carriers and be used for energy elsewhere. 2) Glycerol is taken up by the liver and converted to ...
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate Ž Acetyl-CoA
... The NADP + isozyme was the first discovered. It is more easily measured because the NAD+ enzyme requires ADP as an allosteric activator. In very old biochemistry textbooks, you may see NADPH as a product of this reaction. Malic enzyme and 6phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, along with the NADPH form of ...
... The NADP + isozyme was the first discovered. It is more easily measured because the NAD+ enzyme requires ADP as an allosteric activator. In very old biochemistry textbooks, you may see NADPH as a product of this reaction. Malic enzyme and 6phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, along with the NADPH form of ...
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate Ž Acetyl-CoA
... The NADP + isozyme was the first discovered. It is more easily measured because the NAD+ enzyme requires ADP as an allosteric activator. In very old biochemistry textbooks, you may see NADPH as a product of this reaction. Malic enzyme and 6phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, along with the NADPH form of ...
... The NADP + isozyme was the first discovered. It is more easily measured because the NAD+ enzyme requires ADP as an allosteric activator. In very old biochemistry textbooks, you may see NADPH as a product of this reaction. Malic enzyme and 6phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, along with the NADPH form of ...
the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde
... Photosynthetic GAPDH subunits (GapA and GapB) give rise in chloroplasts of higher plants to two different isoforms with either A4 or AnBn stochiometry, the latter being more abundant and displaying sophisticated regulatory properties. Photosynthetic GAPDH can use both NADPH and NADH as electron dono ...
... Photosynthetic GAPDH subunits (GapA and GapB) give rise in chloroplasts of higher plants to two different isoforms with either A4 or AnBn stochiometry, the latter being more abundant and displaying sophisticated regulatory properties. Photosynthetic GAPDH can use both NADPH and NADH as electron dono ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)