Nutritional Requirements and Biosynthetic
... vitamin supplement and a selection of nucleic acid derivatives. The strain of S. oncopelti used for the work described in the present paper did not require haematin in either peptone or the defined media. Studies of the catabolic metabolism of S . oncopelti were recently described by Clausen (1955) ...
... vitamin supplement and a selection of nucleic acid derivatives. The strain of S. oncopelti used for the work described in the present paper did not require haematin in either peptone or the defined media. Studies of the catabolic metabolism of S . oncopelti were recently described by Clausen (1955) ...
video slide - Buena Park High School
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... • A membrane-bound enzyme that is actually part of the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway (chapter 20) ...
... • A membrane-bound enzyme that is actually part of the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway (chapter 20) ...
Chapter 26
... – no effect on cholesterol and LDL levels – absorbs water in intestines, softens stool, increases bulk 40% 100%, stretches colon, and stimulates peristalsis quickening passage of feces – no clear effect on incidence of colorectal cancer – excessive intake can interfere with absorption of elements su ...
... – no effect on cholesterol and LDL levels – absorbs water in intestines, softens stool, increases bulk 40% 100%, stretches colon, and stimulates peristalsis quickening passage of feces – no clear effect on incidence of colorectal cancer – excessive intake can interfere with absorption of elements su ...
Ancestral lipid biosynthesis and early membrane evolution
... membrane phospholipids are fatty acid esters linked to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). The two key dehydrogenase enzymes that produce G1P and G3P, G1PDH and G3PDH, respectively, are not homologous. Various models propose that these enzymes originated during the speciation of the two prokaryotic domai ...
... membrane phospholipids are fatty acid esters linked to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). The two key dehydrogenase enzymes that produce G1P and G3P, G1PDH and G3PDH, respectively, are not homologous. Various models propose that these enzymes originated during the speciation of the two prokaryotic domai ...
Lactate Acid Fermentation of Acetic Acid in the Butyric Spec. and the
... bid, considerable gas was given off, and the pH rose to 8.2 to 8.4. After 72 hours a determination of lactic acid by the method of Friedemann and Graeser (1933) showed that the lactate was completely decomposed. Several soils of different types were used as inocula for enrichment cultures of this ty ...
... bid, considerable gas was given off, and the pH rose to 8.2 to 8.4. After 72 hours a determination of lactic acid by the method of Friedemann and Graeser (1933) showed that the lactate was completely decomposed. Several soils of different types were used as inocula for enrichment cultures of this ty ...
carbohydrate metabolism
... responsible for catabolism of Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA is an ester of Coenzyme-A, which is the biologically active form of watersoluble vitamin Pantothenic acid TCA cycle occurs within Mitochondrial matrix under Aerobic condition Essentially TCA cycle comprises of combination of Acetyl-CoA with O ...
... responsible for catabolism of Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA is an ester of Coenzyme-A, which is the biologically active form of watersoluble vitamin Pantothenic acid TCA cycle occurs within Mitochondrial matrix under Aerobic condition Essentially TCA cycle comprises of combination of Acetyl-CoA with O ...
active site
... There has to be a system for shutting down a metabolic pathway or the cell would not only be inefficient there would be chemical chaos. The pathways must be tightly controlled so only substances that are needed and the right amounts are produced. This is accomplished by two ways: gene regulation and ...
... There has to be a system for shutting down a metabolic pathway or the cell would not only be inefficient there would be chemical chaos. The pathways must be tightly controlled so only substances that are needed and the right amounts are produced. This is accomplished by two ways: gene regulation and ...
Computational protein design enables a novel one
... activate formate to formyl-CoA, reducing the thermodynamic barrier for the reduction to FALD by NADH (Fig. 1D). No enzymes are known to carry out this reaction, but acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) carries out a similar reaction with a related compound, acetate (Fig. 1B), and the differences between format ...
... activate formate to formyl-CoA, reducing the thermodynamic barrier for the reduction to FALD by NADH (Fig. 1D). No enzymes are known to carry out this reaction, but acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) carries out a similar reaction with a related compound, acetate (Fig. 1B), and the differences between format ...
lecture1
... basicity is difficult, potential is widely positive. Those with strong basicity have narrowly positive potentials and are easily oxidized. Strong oxidizing agent is stable in weakly basic solvents and substances difficult to oxidize can be oxidized in them. But unstable in strongly basic solvents. ...
... basicity is difficult, potential is widely positive. Those with strong basicity have narrowly positive potentials and are easily oxidized. Strong oxidizing agent is stable in weakly basic solvents and substances difficult to oxidize can be oxidized in them. But unstable in strongly basic solvents. ...
Chapter 9: Pathways that Harvest Chemical
... Obesity is a key part of a disorder called metabolic syndrome, which also includes high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes. The free energy trapped in ATP is the energy you use all the time to fuel both conscious actions, like running a marathon or turning the pages of a book, and your body ...
... Obesity is a key part of a disorder called metabolic syndrome, which also includes high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes. The free energy trapped in ATP is the energy you use all the time to fuel both conscious actions, like running a marathon or turning the pages of a book, and your body ...
Document
... • Food (glucose) is oxidized and the hydrogen: • Are transported by coenzymes NADH and FADH2 • Enter a chain of proteins bound to metal atoms (cofactors) • Combine with molecular oxygen to form water • Release energy ...
... • Food (glucose) is oxidized and the hydrogen: • Are transported by coenzymes NADH and FADH2 • Enter a chain of proteins bound to metal atoms (cofactors) • Combine with molecular oxygen to form water • Release energy ...
Trans-Tonoplast Transport of the Sulfur Containing
... Uptake of cysteine and methionine was measured by using the same uptake system. There was a significant capacity to transport methionine across the tonoplast (Table 2, cf. DIETZ & BUSCH 1990). Similar to the translocation of other amino acids, ATP stimulated the translocation even in the absence of ...
... Uptake of cysteine and methionine was measured by using the same uptake system. There was a significant capacity to transport methionine across the tonoplast (Table 2, cf. DIETZ & BUSCH 1990). Similar to the translocation of other amino acids, ATP stimulated the translocation even in the absence of ...
The Effect of Alkaline pH on Growth and Metabolic
... would generate 1 mol of ATP per m d of pyruvate, whereas the formation of formate, acetate and ethanol would result in the formation of 1 mol of ATP per 2 mol of pyruvate. The formation of acetate from pyruvate, in contrast to the formation of ethanol, does not regenerate NAD, and since slightly les ...
... would generate 1 mol of ATP per m d of pyruvate, whereas the formation of formate, acetate and ethanol would result in the formation of 1 mol of ATP per 2 mol of pyruvate. The formation of acetate from pyruvate, in contrast to the formation of ethanol, does not regenerate NAD, and since slightly les ...
Glycolysis
... 2. The transfer of phosphoryl groups conserves metabolic energy. The energy released in breaking the phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP is partially conserved in the formation of phosphate esters. High-energy phosphate compounds formed in glycolysis donate phosphoryl groups to ADP to ...
... 2. The transfer of phosphoryl groups conserves metabolic energy. The energy released in breaking the phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP is partially conserved in the formation of phosphate esters. High-energy phosphate compounds formed in glycolysis donate phosphoryl groups to ADP to ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... dehydrogenase activities 3. b-subunit: thiolase substrate channeling 4. C<12, catalyzed by four soluble enzyme 5. Methylene group (-CH2-) in fatty acid is relatively stable first three step create a much less stable C-C bond, in which the a carbon is bonded to two carbonyl carbon then b-carbon ...
... dehydrogenase activities 3. b-subunit: thiolase substrate channeling 4. C<12, catalyzed by four soluble enzyme 5. Methylene group (-CH2-) in fatty acid is relatively stable first three step create a much less stable C-C bond, in which the a carbon is bonded to two carbonyl carbon then b-carbon ...
Carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum
... be accomplished by stimulating H, production. Surprisingly, the reducing power is not used to form H,, but rather a more reduced compound, 1,3-PD. The concentrations of the fermentation end-products have been extensively studied in C. but_yriczlm(Biebl, 1991; Biebl e t al. , 1992 ; Gunzel, 1991 ; Gu ...
... be accomplished by stimulating H, production. Surprisingly, the reducing power is not used to form H,, but rather a more reduced compound, 1,3-PD. The concentrations of the fermentation end-products have been extensively studied in C. but_yriczlm(Biebl, 1991; Biebl e t al. , 1992 ; Gunzel, 1991 ; Gu ...
McFil: metabolic carbon flow in leaves
... one ATP and NADH. It also eliminates a Ser amino donor for the synthesis of one Gly from ...
... one ATP and NADH. It also eliminates a Ser amino donor for the synthesis of one Gly from ...
Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Poly-p
... oxaloacetate-dependent cleavage of acetyl-CoA to CoASH. Formation of CoASH was measured at 412nm by the appearance of thiol groups using Ellman's (1959)reagent. A cuvette contained, in a total volume of I m1: I M-Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.8, containing 0.39 mg 5,~'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoicacid) ml-l, I ...
... oxaloacetate-dependent cleavage of acetyl-CoA to CoASH. Formation of CoASH was measured at 412nm by the appearance of thiol groups using Ellman's (1959)reagent. A cuvette contained, in a total volume of I m1: I M-Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.8, containing 0.39 mg 5,~'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoicacid) ml-l, I ...
P3- Biochemical Processes
... For example, in the stomach the enzyme pepsin has a low optimum pH, so the stomach produces acid to maintain this low pH. The enzymes of the pancreas need a higher pH to work. ...
... For example, in the stomach the enzyme pepsin has a low optimum pH, so the stomach produces acid to maintain this low pH. The enzymes of the pancreas need a higher pH to work. ...
Drug Metabolism
... Glutathione is a protective factor for removal of potentially toxic compounds Conjugated compounds can subsequently be attacked by g-glutamyltranspeptidase and a peptidase to yield the cysteine conjugate => product can be further acetylated to N-acetylcysteine conjugate ...
... Glutathione is a protective factor for removal of potentially toxic compounds Conjugated compounds can subsequently be attacked by g-glutamyltranspeptidase and a peptidase to yield the cysteine conjugate => product can be further acetylated to N-acetylcysteine conjugate ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)