Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Catalyzes transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to the C-1 hydroxyl group of fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) • PFK-1 is metabolically irreversible and a critical regulatory point for glycolysis in most cells (PFK-1 is the first committed step of glycolysis) ...
... • Catalyzes transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to the C-1 hydroxyl group of fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) • PFK-1 is metabolically irreversible and a critical regulatory point for glycolysis in most cells (PFK-1 is the first committed step of glycolysis) ...
Topic guide 5.2: Studying the feasibility of reactions
... magnitude also defines the amount of ‘useful work’ that can be extracted from a chemical process (useful work in this case can mean electrical energy or energy used to drive other reactions – anything other than the work used to cause a system to expand). These are very important data to know about ...
... magnitude also defines the amount of ‘useful work’ that can be extracted from a chemical process (useful work in this case can mean electrical energy or energy used to drive other reactions – anything other than the work used to cause a system to expand). These are very important data to know about ...
Notes on EMF affecting melatonin via nitric oxide
... Nitric oxide is a highly reactive molecule, diffusible and therefore ubiquitous in the central nervous system. Consequently, nitric oxide or nitric oxide-derived nitrogen oxides must enter into contact with neuromodulators and they can modify these molecules, especially monoamines, and thus change t ...
... Nitric oxide is a highly reactive molecule, diffusible and therefore ubiquitous in the central nervous system. Consequently, nitric oxide or nitric oxide-derived nitrogen oxides must enter into contact with neuromodulators and they can modify these molecules, especially monoamines, and thus change t ...
ATP - IS MU
... of a metabolic pathway • The molar activity (turnover number, kcat) of the particular enzyme is smaller than those of other enzymes taking part in the metabolic ...
... of a metabolic pathway • The molar activity (turnover number, kcat) of the particular enzyme is smaller than those of other enzymes taking part in the metabolic ...
Enzymes of the Calvin Cycle and Intermediary
... as described by Joint et al. (1972). The assay mixture contained, in 1.3 ml: 200 pmol Tris/HCl buffer pH 8.3; 20 pmol MgCI,; 1 pmol ATP; 75 ymol NaH14C03 (specific activity 0.8p,Ci pmol-I); 1 pg purified spinach ribulose-l,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase; 6 pmol ribulose 5-phosphate (used to start the rea ...
... as described by Joint et al. (1972). The assay mixture contained, in 1.3 ml: 200 pmol Tris/HCl buffer pH 8.3; 20 pmol MgCI,; 1 pmol ATP; 75 ymol NaH14C03 (specific activity 0.8p,Ci pmol-I); 1 pg purified spinach ribulose-l,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase; 6 pmol ribulose 5-phosphate (used to start the rea ...
File
... Tumor cells have a higher requirement for glucose due to a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose. – Glucose tra ...
... Tumor cells have a higher requirement for glucose due to a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose. – Glucose tra ...
1- Glycolysis
... organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, (ATP.) In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent N ...
... organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, (ATP.) In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent N ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... tropici, because high activities were obtained in different carbon sources. Activities of the malic enzymes and the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase showed only slight variations as a result of carbon source, but malate dehydrogenase activity was 2.7-fol ...
... tropici, because high activities were obtained in different carbon sources. Activities of the malic enzymes and the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase showed only slight variations as a result of carbon source, but malate dehydrogenase activity was 2.7-fol ...
Past Exam Questions - Intermediate School Biology
... 42. Name a compound to which pyruvic acid may be converted, in the absence of oxygen. Lactic acid or ethanol + CO2 43. In aerobic respiration, the product of the first stage moves to the mitochondrion. Outline subsequent events in the total breakdown of this product. (Begins with) acetyl co-enzyme A ...
... 42. Name a compound to which pyruvic acid may be converted, in the absence of oxygen. Lactic acid or ethanol + CO2 43. In aerobic respiration, the product of the first stage moves to the mitochondrion. Outline subsequent events in the total breakdown of this product. (Begins with) acetyl co-enzyme A ...
NADH by James South
... alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase that are the two enzymes needed to detoxify the alcohol we drink into carbon dioxide and water. NADH is the first of five enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain, where much of the ATP bioenergy that runs every biological process of our l ...
... alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase that are the two enzymes needed to detoxify the alcohol we drink into carbon dioxide and water. NADH is the first of five enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain, where much of the ATP bioenergy that runs every biological process of our l ...
reaction
... As e from NADH pass down e transfer chain, some of carriers actively transport protons across the membrane (proton pump) A proton gradient is established. Outside membrane becomes more positive compared with the other side. The resulting electrochemical gradient called proton motive force. Pro ...
... As e from NADH pass down e transfer chain, some of carriers actively transport protons across the membrane (proton pump) A proton gradient is established. Outside membrane becomes more positive compared with the other side. The resulting electrochemical gradient called proton motive force. Pro ...
Metabolism: the Degradation and Synthesis of Living Cells
... 3.3 Synthesis of ATP using energy released from fuel oxidation • Otto Heinrich Warburg, involvement of iron-containing cytochromes (细胞色素) in cellular respiration (Nobel Prize in 1931). • Peter D. Mitchell, proposed the chemiosmotic theory（化学 渗透学说）to relate electron flow to ATP synthesis in all orga ...
... 3.3 Synthesis of ATP using energy released from fuel oxidation • Otto Heinrich Warburg, involvement of iron-containing cytochromes (细胞色素) in cellular respiration (Nobel Prize in 1931). • Peter D. Mitchell, proposed the chemiosmotic theory（化学 渗透学说）to relate electron flow to ATP synthesis in all orga ...
Nitrogen Metabolism Overview
... – No need for glutamate synthase – Glutamine synthetase used for different purpose: to “mop up” ammonia ...
... – No need for glutamate synthase – Glutamine synthetase used for different purpose: to “mop up” ammonia ...
Manuscript title - Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable
... (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) were obtained from Director of Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia. The test bacteria was sub-cultured into nutrient agar [10] and maintained at 4°C respectively. All the bacteria were sub-cultured on nutrient agar for inoculum ...
... (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) were obtained from Director of Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia. The test bacteria was sub-cultured into nutrient agar [10] and maintained at 4°C respectively. All the bacteria were sub-cultured on nutrient agar for inoculum ...
acid
... containing mitochondria. Both pyruvate molecules are oxidized to two acetylCoA molecules. Entry of Pyruvate into Mitochondria In mitochondria, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation and remaining two carbon fragment is converted to acetyl-CoA. The reaction is irreversible and multi-step proces ...
... containing mitochondria. Both pyruvate molecules are oxidized to two acetylCoA molecules. Entry of Pyruvate into Mitochondria In mitochondria, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation and remaining two carbon fragment is converted to acetyl-CoA. The reaction is irreversible and multi-step proces ...
TCA
... Production of acetyl-CoA (e.g., during glycolysis and the bridging reaction) Oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle Electon transport and oxidative phosphorylation to produce lots of ATP Fig 16-1 ...
... Production of acetyl-CoA (e.g., during glycolysis and the bridging reaction) Oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle Electon transport and oxidative phosphorylation to produce lots of ATP Fig 16-1 ...
Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
... The Haber process is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the a ...
... The Haber process is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the a ...
Medical Biochemistry Review #2 By
... phosphate bonds of ATP to endergonic reactions so that they will occur spontaneously. b. The work that requires energy derived from ATP hydrolysis includes the transport of electrons down the electron transport chain. c. One half of the ATP-ADP cycle involves the generation of ATP that starts with t ...
... phosphate bonds of ATP to endergonic reactions so that they will occur spontaneously. b. The work that requires energy derived from ATP hydrolysis includes the transport of electrons down the electron transport chain. c. One half of the ATP-ADP cycle involves the generation of ATP that starts with t ...
Cellular Respiration
... Fermentation is a process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. ...
... Fermentation is a process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)