Chapter 24_CHEM 131
... UREA CYCLE (continued) • After urea is formed, it diffuses out of liver cells into the blood, the kidneys filter it out, and it is excreted in the urine. • Normal urine from an adult contains 25-30 g of urea daily, but exact amount varies with protein content of the diet. • The direct excretion of ...
... UREA CYCLE (continued) • After urea is formed, it diffuses out of liver cells into the blood, the kidneys filter it out, and it is excreted in the urine. • Normal urine from an adult contains 25-30 g of urea daily, but exact amount varies with protein content of the diet. • The direct excretion of ...
檔案下載
... aerobic oxidation than by anaerobic oxidation 藉由有氧氧化,生 物體可自營養物中得到比厭氧作用更多的能量 •Glycolysis糖解作用 produces only 2 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose metabolized 每分子葡萄糖經代謝作 用只能產生兩分子的ATP •In complete aerobic oxidation to CO2 and water在完全的有氧 氧化成二氧化碳與水時 30-32 molecules of ATP can be produced from ...
... aerobic oxidation than by anaerobic oxidation 藉由有氧氧化,生 物體可自營養物中得到比厭氧作用更多的能量 •Glycolysis糖解作用 produces only 2 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose metabolized 每分子葡萄糖經代謝作 用只能產生兩分子的ATP •In complete aerobic oxidation to CO2 and water在完全的有氧 氧化成二氧化碳與水時 30-32 molecules of ATP can be produced from ...
A summary of amino acid metabolism based on amino acid structure
... Figure 3 Examples of the relationship between amino acid structure and metabolism (a) Tryptophan has at least three hydrocarbon carbons in a row beginning with the f5 carbon (carbon 3) and thus must be converted, at least in part, to acetyl CoA (hydrocarbon carbons are labeled a, b, c, d, e, f, and ...
... Figure 3 Examples of the relationship between amino acid structure and metabolism (a) Tryptophan has at least three hydrocarbon carbons in a row beginning with the f5 carbon (carbon 3) and thus must be converted, at least in part, to acetyl CoA (hydrocarbon carbons are labeled a, b, c, d, e, f, and ...
Proton-motive force
... 2 NADH from glycolysis yield 1.5 ATP each if NADH is oxidized by glycerol-phosphate shuttle; 2.5 ATP by Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvate to 2 acetyl-CoA: 2 NADH produce 2.5 ATP each 2 [FADH2] from each citric acid cycle produce 1.5 ATP 6 NADH from citric acid cycle produce 2.5 ATP each Net Yi ...
... 2 NADH from glycolysis yield 1.5 ATP each if NADH is oxidized by glycerol-phosphate shuttle; 2.5 ATP by Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvate to 2 acetyl-CoA: 2 NADH produce 2.5 ATP each 2 [FADH2] from each citric acid cycle produce 1.5 ATP 6 NADH from citric acid cycle produce 2.5 ATP each Net Yi ...
Unusual dehydrations in anaerobic bacteria
... a3/33. The enzyme contains "0.5 mol FMN and 0.5 tool riboflavin per tool E I I " [14], most probably per dimer. According to the absorption spectrum of E I I , both flavins are in the reduced state. Finally, about 8 mol Fe and 8 tool inorganic sulfur per tool of E I I were detected. EPR measurements ...
... a3/33. The enzyme contains "0.5 mol FMN and 0.5 tool riboflavin per tool E I I " [14], most probably per dimer. According to the absorption spectrum of E I I , both flavins are in the reduced state. Finally, about 8 mol Fe and 8 tool inorganic sulfur per tool of E I I were detected. EPR measurements ...
A Comparative Study on the Biochemical Bases of the Maximum
... and/or yeast extract. There was a rapid decline in the viability and in the rates of respiration of endogenous reserves and of exogenous glucose and pyruvate when Arthrobacter and Candida cultures were transferred to the higher temperatures. But with C . erythrogenes the respiratory activities were ...
... and/or yeast extract. There was a rapid decline in the viability and in the rates of respiration of endogenous reserves and of exogenous glucose and pyruvate when Arthrobacter and Candida cultures were transferred to the higher temperatures. But with C . erythrogenes the respiratory activities were ...
Mixotrophs combine resource use to outcompete specialists
... organisms (flagellates, ciliates, and radiolarians) as well as in sponges, corals, rotifers, and even in higher plants. The mixotrophic life history has significant physiological implications. Mixotrophic organisms have to invest in the synthesis and maintenance of both a photosynthetic apparatus an ...
... organisms (flagellates, ciliates, and radiolarians) as well as in sponges, corals, rotifers, and even in higher plants. The mixotrophic life history has significant physiological implications. Mixotrophic organisms have to invest in the synthesis and maintenance of both a photosynthetic apparatus an ...
Ch23_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
... Gluconeogenesis is anabolic because it is a synthesis reaction. It consumes energy as ATP and GTP. Glycogenolysis is catabolic because it involves breaking larger molecules into smaller ones. Glycogenesis is anabolic because it consumes energy in the form of UTP in order to build a larger molecule f ...
... Gluconeogenesis is anabolic because it is a synthesis reaction. It consumes energy as ATP and GTP. Glycogenolysis is catabolic because it involves breaking larger molecules into smaller ones. Glycogenesis is anabolic because it consumes energy in the form of UTP in order to build a larger molecule f ...
ATP
... A FLAVIN-BASED LIGHT ENERGY CONVERTER, COULD HAVE ARISEN The main facts that form the basis of this hypothesis are: …and yet another hypothetical option ...
... A FLAVIN-BASED LIGHT ENERGY CONVERTER, COULD HAVE ARISEN The main facts that form the basis of this hypothesis are: …and yet another hypothetical option ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... 3. Citric acid cycle Each acetyl CoA is oxidized to two molecules of CO2. During this sequence of reactions, more ATP and NADH are produced, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is reduced to form FADH2. 4. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move thro ...
... 3. Citric acid cycle Each acetyl CoA is oxidized to two molecules of CO2. During this sequence of reactions, more ATP and NADH are produced, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is reduced to form FADH2. 4. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move thro ...
Glycolysis 2
... Glycolytic intermediates serve important roles in anabolic pathways by providing carbon skeletons for biosynthesis ...
... Glycolytic intermediates serve important roles in anabolic pathways by providing carbon skeletons for biosynthesis ...
Enzymologie. Jak pracují enzymy
... 2) Alcoholic substrate changes OH- coupled with Zn2+ reorganisation of bonds and E-NADH- aldehyd complex formations ...
... 2) Alcoholic substrate changes OH- coupled with Zn2+ reorganisation of bonds and E-NADH- aldehyd complex formations ...
ILO/Study Guide for Unit 1
... ecosystem autotroph food web organic substance cellular respiration nitrogen fixation sustainable system active layer clear-cutting plankton ...
... ecosystem autotroph food web organic substance cellular respiration nitrogen fixation sustainable system active layer clear-cutting plankton ...
Exercise Metabolism
... Rest-to-Exercise Transitions • As muscular exercise increases, so will ATP production • From rest to light/ mod exercise O2uptake increases rapidly – Initial ATP production through anaerobic pathways: ...
... Rest-to-Exercise Transitions • As muscular exercise increases, so will ATP production • From rest to light/ mod exercise O2uptake increases rapidly – Initial ATP production through anaerobic pathways: ...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism A Hospitalist`s Approach
... E to F. C ispath notD.present the enzyme make Bthat to C is defective, pathways to Also, if the apoenzyme and cofactors form the enzyme of reactions are moot (transport defect) B accumulates anddefective, further shunts down alternate pathways to D. converting B to C are B backs up and diverts down ...
... E to F. C ispath notD.present the enzyme make Bthat to C is defective, pathways to Also, if the apoenzyme and cofactors form the enzyme of reactions are moot (transport defect) B accumulates anddefective, further shunts down alternate pathways to D. converting B to C are B backs up and diverts down ...
BIO 16l EXAM2 SUMMER6WKKey
... a. depends on unusual amino acids not common in proteins. b. has a certaifi unique amino acid to fit each substrate. C. is shaped to fit a certain substrate molecule. d. is lined with glycolipids and glycoproteins. e. passes electrons from one part ofthe substrate to another. ...
... a. depends on unusual amino acids not common in proteins. b. has a certaifi unique amino acid to fit each substrate. C. is shaped to fit a certain substrate molecule. d. is lined with glycolipids and glycoproteins. e. passes electrons from one part ofthe substrate to another. ...
Sustainable Ecosystems Sustainable Ecosystems
... A Holistic Approach Although ecologists have to identify the components of ecological systems, such as water temperature and the number of fish, they also have to take a holistic approach as well. In a holistic approach, the entire system is emphasized. If you took a bicycle apart and just looked at ...
... A Holistic Approach Although ecologists have to identify the components of ecological systems, such as water temperature and the number of fish, they also have to take a holistic approach as well. In a holistic approach, the entire system is emphasized. If you took a bicycle apart and just looked at ...
1 Glucose: evolution`s favorite flavor… In any metabolism course
... its structure, its metabolism, its synthesis, its participation in building other things, its regulation, its mis-regulation, and a little bit about it’s evolutionary ascendency to the top of the metabolic heap. After this initial section, we will find ourselves coming back to it for some of those t ...
... its structure, its metabolism, its synthesis, its participation in building other things, its regulation, its mis-regulation, and a little bit about it’s evolutionary ascendency to the top of the metabolic heap. After this initial section, we will find ourselves coming back to it for some of those t ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)