Decarboxylation Reactions Major concepts Decarboxylation
... When a carboxylate is “Beta” to a carbonyl, spontaneous decarboxylation can result and requires no cofactor. When a carboxylate is “Alpha” to a carbonyl, decarboxylation requries a cofactor called Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) to stabilize the intermediates in the reaction (electron sink.) When ...
... When a carboxylate is “Beta” to a carbonyl, spontaneous decarboxylation can result and requires no cofactor. When a carboxylate is “Alpha” to a carbonyl, decarboxylation requries a cofactor called Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) to stabilize the intermediates in the reaction (electron sink.) When ...
Chapter 2 Environmental Science
... dioxide as a waste product. Consumers take in oxygen for their life processes. Producers take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Producers release oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. >>>The Nitrogen Cycle Most organisms cannot use “free” nitrogen. ...
... dioxide as a waste product. Consumers take in oxygen for their life processes. Producers take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Producers release oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. >>>The Nitrogen Cycle Most organisms cannot use “free” nitrogen. ...
Presentation
... Enolase: 2PG to PEP • 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) is dehydrated to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) • Elimination of water from C-2 and C-3 yields the enol-phosphate PEP • PEP has a very high phosphoryl group transfer potential because it exists in its unstable enol form ...
... Enolase: 2PG to PEP • 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) is dehydrated to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) • Elimination of water from C-2 and C-3 yields the enol-phosphate PEP • PEP has a very high phosphoryl group transfer potential because it exists in its unstable enol form ...
Chapter 5
... with most muscles: the lactate is carried by the blood from the muscle cells to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose. Thus, although lactate is formed at high rates when muscles are overworked and become fatigued, it is not directly the cause of muscle fatigue. As oxygen availability cann ...
... with most muscles: the lactate is carried by the blood from the muscle cells to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose. Thus, although lactate is formed at high rates when muscles are overworked and become fatigued, it is not directly the cause of muscle fatigue. As oxygen availability cann ...
32. Nutrient assimilation.pptx
... Nutrient assimilation - Unity of Life Definition - the uptake of non-gaseous molecules from the environment into the cell Common features with gas exchange 1) Transmembrane process dependent on surface area 2) Passive diffusion down chemical (concentration) gradients for a few molecules (such as w ...
... Nutrient assimilation - Unity of Life Definition - the uptake of non-gaseous molecules from the environment into the cell Common features with gas exchange 1) Transmembrane process dependent on surface area 2) Passive diffusion down chemical (concentration) gradients for a few molecules (such as w ...
7 energizing porters by proton-motive force
... lactose permease is the lesson that was learned and implemented for unraveling the mechanism of other transporters. Specific examples of transporters driven by proton-motive force are discussed throughout this volume. It is likely that similar mechanisms of action underlie protondriven bacterial and ...
... lactose permease is the lesson that was learned and implemented for unraveling the mechanism of other transporters. Specific examples of transporters driven by proton-motive force are discussed throughout this volume. It is likely that similar mechanisms of action underlie protondriven bacterial and ...
Chemistry of Natural Compounds
... form of a methyl group, derived from L-methionine (Figure 1.A). A two carbon atom unit is frequently supplied by acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA, Figure 1.B). The acetyl group is the building block of choice for the construction of a long alkyl chain (as in fatty acids) or may be part of aromatic syst ...
... form of a methyl group, derived from L-methionine (Figure 1.A). A two carbon atom unit is frequently supplied by acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA, Figure 1.B). The acetyl group is the building block of choice for the construction of a long alkyl chain (as in fatty acids) or may be part of aromatic syst ...
Microbial Polysaccharides
... ii. Stem peptides can be cross-linked by the so called bridge peptides, which differ in composition depending on what the bacteria is iii. Often in gram-neg there is no cross link peptide connected directly; but in things like Staph aureus, you may recognize this as a Gly or you may not, but there’s ...
... ii. Stem peptides can be cross-linked by the so called bridge peptides, which differ in composition depending on what the bacteria is iii. Often in gram-neg there is no cross link peptide connected directly; but in things like Staph aureus, you may recognize this as a Gly or you may not, but there’s ...
Metabolism - University of Lethbridge
... These reactions form the basis of both degradative and biosynthetic metabolism. Reactions that make C-C bonds involve the addition of a nucleophilic carbanion to an electrophilic C atom (breaking C-C bonds is simply the reverse) In almost all cases, the electrophilic C is an sp2-hybridized carbonyl ...
... These reactions form the basis of both degradative and biosynthetic metabolism. Reactions that make C-C bonds involve the addition of a nucleophilic carbanion to an electrophilic C atom (breaking C-C bonds is simply the reverse) In almost all cases, the electrophilic C is an sp2-hybridized carbonyl ...
Metabolism of cardiac muscles
... acid-oxidation decreases glucose (pyruvate) oxidation. • The increased generation of acetyl CoA derived from glucose (pyruvate) oxidation inhibits fatty acid -oxidation ...
... acid-oxidation decreases glucose (pyruvate) oxidation. • The increased generation of acetyl CoA derived from glucose (pyruvate) oxidation inhibits fatty acid -oxidation ...
Carbohydrate Synthesis 1. Photosynthesis
... The problem for the enzyme lies in its relative affinities for O2 and CO2 in comparison to the aqueous concentrations of the two compounds. for O2 KM = 350 M compared to the aqueous [O2] of 250 M This means the enzyme will work as an oxidase at less than 1/2 Vmax. for CO2 KM = 9 M compared to the ...
... The problem for the enzyme lies in its relative affinities for O2 and CO2 in comparison to the aqueous concentrations of the two compounds. for O2 KM = 350 M compared to the aqueous [O2] of 250 M This means the enzyme will work as an oxidase at less than 1/2 Vmax. for CO2 KM = 9 M compared to the ...
Topic 1: Cells - Gimnasio del Norte
... plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes and the nucleoid (region containing naked DNA). 1.2.2 State one function for each of the following: cell wall, plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and naked DNA 1.2.3 State that prokaryotes show a wide range of metabolic activity including ...
... plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes and the nucleoid (region containing naked DNA). 1.2.2 State one function for each of the following: cell wall, plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and naked DNA 1.2.3 State that prokaryotes show a wide range of metabolic activity including ...
metabolomic and computational systems analysis
... Hypoxia is the cause of cell death in many pathologies, mechanism not known All cells have intrinsic defenses Hypoxia tolerant organisms have highly orchestrated metabolic regulation Metabolic response is immediate and global Drosophila is hypoxia tolerant model ...
... Hypoxia is the cause of cell death in many pathologies, mechanism not known All cells have intrinsic defenses Hypoxia tolerant organisms have highly orchestrated metabolic regulation Metabolic response is immediate and global Drosophila is hypoxia tolerant model ...
Topic 1: Cells - Cardinal Newman High School
... plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes and the nucleoid (region containing naked DNA). 1.2.2 State one function for each of the following: cell wall, plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and naked DNA 1.2.3 State that prokaryotes show a wide range of metabolic activity including ...
... plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes and the nucleoid (region containing naked DNA). 1.2.2 State one function for each of the following: cell wall, plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and naked DNA 1.2.3 State that prokaryotes show a wide range of metabolic activity including ...
3-energy
... This kinetic stability is essential to the role of ATP and other compounds with ~ bonds. If ATP would rapidly hydrolyze in the absence of a catalyst, it could not serve its important roles in energy metabolism and phosphate transfer. Phosphate is removed from ATP only when the reaction is coupled vi ...
... This kinetic stability is essential to the role of ATP and other compounds with ~ bonds. If ATP would rapidly hydrolyze in the absence of a catalyst, it could not serve its important roles in energy metabolism and phosphate transfer. Phosphate is removed from ATP only when the reaction is coupled vi ...
PRACTICE SET 6 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... 1. The hydroxy acid given below can be completely oxidized to acetyl-CoA by betaoxidation. Write the series of individual reactions that will accomplish this degradation. Then write the overall sum showing how much ATP, CoASH and NAD+ is required and how much NADH, acetyl-CoA, etc., are produced on ...
... 1. The hydroxy acid given below can be completely oxidized to acetyl-CoA by betaoxidation. Write the series of individual reactions that will accomplish this degradation. Then write the overall sum showing how much ATP, CoASH and NAD+ is required and how much NADH, acetyl-CoA, etc., are produced on ...
CH 2
... Rule: Heat is wasted energy Heat is energy that cannot be conserved Rule: Living systems will do their utmost to prevent lost of free energy as heat Rule: Exergonic biochemical transformations channel a large part of the free energy into chemical bonds of the product. Rule: Catabolic reactions drive ...
... Rule: Heat is wasted energy Heat is energy that cannot be conserved Rule: Living systems will do their utmost to prevent lost of free energy as heat Rule: Exergonic biochemical transformations channel a large part of the free energy into chemical bonds of the product. Rule: Catabolic reactions drive ...
Old Test for Practice Only
... ____ 42. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? a. use ATP to release carbon dioxide b. use NADPH to release carbon dioxide c. split water and release oxygen d. transport RuBP out of the chloroplast e. synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide ____ 43. Ecosystems are a. processors of ...
... ____ 42. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? a. use ATP to release carbon dioxide b. use NADPH to release carbon dioxide c. split water and release oxygen d. transport RuBP out of the chloroplast e. synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide ____ 43. Ecosystems are a. processors of ...
Biochemistry 6/e
... Hydroxybutyrate Hydroxybutyrate is converted back to acetoacetate to get acetylCoA and acetone is lost. ...
... Hydroxybutyrate Hydroxybutyrate is converted back to acetoacetate to get acetylCoA and acetone is lost. ...
Lecture 33 Carbohydrates1
... 3. What are the key enzymes in gluconeogenesis? Pyruvate carboxylase – is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes a carboxylation reaction converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate using a reaction mechanism involving a biotinyl "swinging arm" and ATP hydrolysis. Pyruvate carboxylase is dependent on alloste ...
... 3. What are the key enzymes in gluconeogenesis? Pyruvate carboxylase – is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes a carboxylation reaction converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate using a reaction mechanism involving a biotinyl "swinging arm" and ATP hydrolysis. Pyruvate carboxylase is dependent on alloste ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)