Download Table 4.1 Linnaean Classification System of Organisms. Domain

Table 4.1 Linnaean Classification System of Organisms.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.2 Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Characteristic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell wall
Composed of peptidoglycan
Absent of peptidoglycan
DNA
Nucleoid or plasmids
Chromosomal DNA
Energy generation
Part of cytoplasmic membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Absent
Present
Photosynthetic pigments
Chloroplasts absent
Chloroplasts present
Phylogenic group
Archea, bacteria, cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae)
Single cell: algae, fungi, and protozoan.
Multicellular: animals, fungi, and plants.
Size range
1–2 μm by 1–4 μm
>5 μm
Source: Henze et al. (2008) pp. 10–12; Metcalf and Eddy (2003) page 106; Pelczar et al. (1977) pp. 7–8; Rittman and McCarty (2001)
pp. 10–12.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.3 Comparison of free energy yields for oxidation of glucose by various means.
Free(energy
) released,
kJ
𝛥G∘
Oxidation/reduction reaction
Process simulated
1
C H O
24 6 12 6
+
Fermentation and aerobic respiration, O2
electron acceptor
−120.10
1
C H O
24 6 12 6
+ 15 NO−3 + 15 H+
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration,
NO2 − electron acceptor
−113.63
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration,
SO4 2− electron acceptor
−20.69
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration, CO2
electron acceptor
−17.85
Fermentation to ethanol
−10.17
=
1
CO2
4
1
C H O
24 6 12 6
=
1
H S
16 2
1
O
4 2
=
+
1
N
10 2
+
1
SO2−
4
8
+
1
CO2
4
+
1
HS−
16
+
7
H O
20 2
+
3 +
H
16
+ 14 CO2 + 14 H2 O
1
C H O
24 6 12 6
= 18 CO2 + 18 CH4
1
C H O
24 6 12 6
=
1
CO2
12
1
H O
4 2
+
1
CH3 CH2 OH
12
Adapted from Metcalf and Eddy (2003), pp. 572–573.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
e− eq
Table 4.4 Microbial reactions and their nutritional classification.
Microbial reaction
Nutritional classification
light
5CO2 + 3H2 O + NH3 −−−→ C5 H7 O2 N + 5O2 + H2 O
Autotrophic, photosynthetic
C5 H7 O2 N + 5O2 → 5CO2 + 2H2 O + NH3
Cellular respiration, aerobic
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 O
Heterotrophic, aerobic (aerobic oxidation)
C6 H12 O6 → 2C2 H6 O + 2CO2
Heterotrophic, anaerobic (ethanol fermentation)
5C6 H12 O6 + 24 NO−3 + 24 H+ → 30 CO2 + 12 N2 + 42 H2 O
Heterotrophic, anoxic (denitrification)
2NH3 + 4O2 → 2HNO3 + 2H2 O
Autotrophic, aerobic (nitrification)
C6 H12 O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4
Heterotrophic, anaerobic (methanogenesis)
Adapted from Benefield and Randall (1980) page 26; Rittman and McCarty (2001) page 133.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.5 ATP yield from fermentation and aerobic respiration.
Pathway or process
Mechanism for ATP production
Total ATPs produced
Fermentation to pyruvate
2 NADH produced
2×
Substrate-level phosphorylation
2 ATPs
3 ATPs
= 6 ATPs
NADH
Subtotal = 8 ATPs
Aerobic respiration (TCA) cycle
4 NADH produced
4×
3 ATPs
= 12 ATPs
NADH
1 FADH2 produced
1×
2 ATPs
= 2 ATPs
NADH
GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP
1 ATP
Subtotal = 15 ATPs pyruvate
2 moles of pyruvate enter TCA
2×
15 ATPs
= 30 ATPs
pyruvate
Total = 38 ATPs
Adapted from Brock (1979), page 111.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.6 Temperature classification of microorganisms.
Classification
Psychrophiles
Temperature range, ∘ C
10 to 30*
−7 to 30**
−5 to 20***
Mesophiles
20 to 50
25 to 45**
8 to 45***
Thermophiles
35 to 75
45 to 60**
40 to 70***
Hyperthermophiles
65 to 110***
Source: *Metcalf & Eddy (2003), page 559; **Pelczar et al. (1977),
pp. 111–112; ***Rittman and McCarty (2001), page 16.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.7 General comments concerning the effect of pH on
various microorganisms.
Classification
pH range
Optimal pH
*Bacteria
Minimum at 4 and
maximum at 9.5
6.5 to 7.5
**Fungi
Prefer acid
environment and
have minimum
between 1 to 3
5
***Protozoa
5–8
7
Adapted from *Metcalf and Eddy (2003), page 559; **Gaudy and Gaudy
(1988), page 183; ***Pelczar et al. (1977), page 358.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.8 Common amino acids.
Name
Structure
O
Aspartic acid
O
OH
OH
NH2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid
Glycine
O
+
H3N
−
O
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine
Lysine
NH2
O
H2N
OH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine
OH
Tyrosine
H
OH
H2N
O
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.9 Nucleic acid bases and structure.
Nitrogen
base name
Nucleic
acid
Adenine
DNA & RNA
Nitrogen base structure
H2N
N
N
N
N
H
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Adenine
Cytosine
DNA & RNA
NH2
N
N
H
O
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Cytosine
Guanine
O
DNA & RNA
N
NH
N
H
N
NH2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Guanine
Thymine
O
DNA
NH
N
H
O
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Thymine
Uracil
RNA
O
NH
N
H
O
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Uracil
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.10 Major reservoirs of carbon.
Source
Quantity, gigatons (Gt)
Atmosphere
Fossil fuels
Oceans
Terrestrial biosphere
Total
%
720
1.6
4,130
9.1
38,400
84.9
2,000
4.4
45,250
100.0
Source: Falkowski et al. (2000), page 29.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.11 Global nitrogen reservoirs.
Environment
TgN
TERRESTRIAL
Plant biomass
1.1 × 104 to 1.4 × 104
Animal biomass
2.00 × 102
Litter
1.9 × 103 to 3.3 × 103
Soil:
organic matter
3.0 × 105
insoluble inorganic
1.6 × 104
soluble inorganic
N.A.
microorganisms
5.0 × 102
Rocks
1.9 × 1011
Sediments
4.0 × 108
Coal deposits
1.2 × 105
Subtotal:
1.904 × 1011
OCEANIC
Plant biomass
3.0 × 102
Animal biomass
1.7 × 102
Dead organic matter:
dissolved
5.3 × 105
particulate
3.0 × 103 to 2.4 × 104
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.11 (continued )
Environment
TgN
N2 (dissolved)
2.2 × 107
N2 O
2.0 × 102
NO−3
5.7 × 105
NO−2
5.0 × 102
NH+4
7.0 × 103
Subtotal:
2.31 × 107
ATMOSPHERIC
N2
3.9 × 109
N2 O
1.3 × 103
NH3
0.9
NH+4
1.8
NOX
1 to 4
NO−3
0.5
Org-N
1.0
Subtotal:
3.92 × 109
Total
1.943 × 1011
N.A.: not available.
Source: Adapted from Soderlund and Svensson, 1976, page 30. Reproduced by permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.12 Scheme of the global sulfur cycle during the mid-1980s.
Number
Route
Sulfur compounds
Flux, TgS/yr
1
Aeolian emission
SO2−
4
20
2
Volcanic emission into the continental atmosphere
SO2 , H2 S, SO2−
4
10
3
Anthropogenic emission into the atmosphere
SO2 , H2 S, SO2−
4
93
4
Emission of long-lived sulfur compounds into continental atmosphere
COS, CS2
2
5
Emission of short-lived sulfur compounds into continental atmosphere
H2 S, DMS, etc.
20
6
Emission of short-lived sulfur compounds into the atmosphere from coastal
regions of the ocean
H2 S, DMS
5
7
Emission of short-lived sulfur compounds into the atmosphere from the
open ocean
DMS, etc.
35
8
Emission of long-lived sulfur compounds into oceanic atmosphere
COS, CS2
3
9
Volcanic emission into the oceanic atmosphere
SO2 , H2 S, SO2−
4
10
10
Emission of sea salt aerosol sulfur from the ocean
SO2−
4
144
11
Anthropogenic output from the lithosphere
2−
SO2−
4 ,S
150
12
Weathering and water erosion
SO2−
4
72
13
Wastewaters
SO2−
4
29
14
Mineral fertilizers
SO2−
4
28
15
River runoff into the ocean
SO2−
4
213
16
Scavenging from the atmosphere on the continental surface
SO2 , SO2−
4
84
17
Scavenging from the atmosphere on the oceanic surface
SO2 , SO2−
4
258
18
Transport from the oceanic atmosphere into the continental atmosphere
SO2 , SO2−
4
20
Transport from the continental atmosphere into the oceanic atmosphere
SO2 , SO2−
4
81
19
COS = carbonyl sulfide; CS2 = carbon disulfide; DMS = dimethyl sulfide.
Source: Brimblecombe, et al., 1989, page 83. Reproduced by permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.13 Solubility of oxygen in water exposed to water-saturated air at atmospheric pressure.
Temperature
(∘ C)
Oxygen
solubility
(mg/L)
Temperature
(∘ C)
Oxygen
solubility
(mg/L)
Temperature
(∘ C)
Oxygen
solubility
(mg/L)
0
14.62
11
11.03
22
8.74
1
14.22
12
10.78
23
8.58
2
13.83
13
10.54
24
8.42
3
13.46
14
10.31
25
8.26
4
13.11
15
10.08
26
8.11
5
12.77
16
9.87
27
7.97
6
12.45
17
9.66
28
7.83
7
12.14
18
9.47
29
7.69
8
11.84
19
9.28
30
7.56
9
11.56
20
9.09
31
7.43
10
11.29
21
8.92
32
7.30
Developed using on-line program from the USGS: http://water.usgs.gov/software/DOTABLES/
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table 4.14 Reaeration Coefficients.
Water body
kR at 20∘ C, d−1
Small ponds and backwaters
0.10–0.23
Sluggish streams and large lakes
0.23–0.35
Large streams at low velocity
0.35–0.46
Large streams at normal velocity
0.46–0.69
Swift streams
0.69–1.15
Rapids and waterfalls
>1.15
Reaeration coeffients, kR , were calculated using self-purification
constants, f, and a deoxygenation constant k of 0.23 d−1 from Fair,
Geyer, and Okun (1968) page 33–26.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice, First Edition. Richard O. Mines, Jr.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.