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Glycolysis Badil das Lecturer Objectives By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to: Define Glycolysis Explain the mechanism of glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars In glycolysis, glucose (a six carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of a three-carbon sugar. Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP Glycolysis does not require oxygen It is also known as anaerobic cellular respiration Conti……. Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis During glycolysis each molecule of glucose is converted to two molecule of pyruvic acid 10 Steps of Glycolysis Step -1 The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose (C6H12O6) + hexokinase + ATP → ADP + Glucose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) 2 step The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) + Phosphoglucoisomerase → Fructose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) 3 step The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. Fructose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) + phosphofructokinase + ATP → ADP + Fructose 1, 6bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2) 4 step The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate 5 step The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly interconverts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate. Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed as soon as it is formed to be used in the next step of glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C3H5O3P1) → Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1) Net result for steps 4 and 5: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2) ↔ 2 molecules of Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1) 6 step The enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase serves two functions in this step. First the enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde phosphate to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH. Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate. This occurs for both molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate produced in step 5. 7 step The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP. This happens for each molecule of 1,3bisphosphoglycerate. The process yields two 3phosphoglycerate molecules and two ATP molecules 8 step The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3-phosphoglycerate from the third carbon to the second carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate. 9 step The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP). This happens for each molecule of 2phosphoglycerate 10 step The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP Glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP, 2NADH and 2 H+