Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical
... 23) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO 2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD + to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free ene ...
... 23) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO 2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD + to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free ene ...
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
... formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
... formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Ceramide and
... supernatant was recovered by filtration through Acrodisc syringe filter (0.45 m pore size). The assay for Pglym was modified from a published protocol [6]. This assay measures formation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid in the presence of excess enolase. 50 g of supernatant was added to 3 l of 50 mM 3p ...
... supernatant was recovered by filtration through Acrodisc syringe filter (0.45 m pore size). The assay for Pglym was modified from a published protocol [6]. This assay measures formation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid in the presence of excess enolase. 50 g of supernatant was added to 3 l of 50 mM 3p ...
The Citric acid cycle
... It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - acts both catabolically ...
... It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - acts both catabolically ...
Hypoxia Oxidative phosphorylation contribution to ATP production
... Fish respond by invoking anaerobic metabolism and increasing the ventilation rate ...
... Fish respond by invoking anaerobic metabolism and increasing the ventilation rate ...
Ch 26 Notes
... Glucose catabolism – glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respiration Mechanisms - Redox Reduction reactions add electrons to substances. Oxidations remove electrons [stepwise removal of pairs] They are always coupled – the electrons given in the reduction are equal in number to the ones remo ...
... Glucose catabolism – glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respiration Mechanisms - Redox Reduction reactions add electrons to substances. Oxidations remove electrons [stepwise removal of pairs] They are always coupled – the electrons given in the reduction are equal in number to the ones remo ...
Chapter 7 How Cells Make ATP: Energy
... • Series of electron carriers • Each carrier exists in oxidized or reduced form • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain in series of redox reactions • Lose energy as pass along the chain • Released energy is used to pump protons across the inner membrane space (Hydrogen ions=protons) • Ox ...
... • Series of electron carriers • Each carrier exists in oxidized or reduced form • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain in series of redox reactions • Lose energy as pass along the chain • Released energy is used to pump protons across the inner membrane space (Hydrogen ions=protons) • Ox ...
cellular respiration
... Indicate if each of the following characteristics / descriptions is true of Substratelevel and Oxidative phosphorylation. ______ Produce ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP ______ Involves the direct transfer of a phosphate from an intermediate to ADP ______ Couples the addition of a phosphate to ADP w ...
... Indicate if each of the following characteristics / descriptions is true of Substratelevel and Oxidative phosphorylation. ______ Produce ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP ______ Involves the direct transfer of a phosphate from an intermediate to ADP ______ Couples the addition of a phosphate to ADP w ...
Chapter 27-28 - Bakersfield College
... The rate of the citric acid cycle depends on the body’s need for energy. When energy demands are high and ATP is low → the cycle is activated. When energy demands are low and NADH is high → the cycle is inhibited. ...
... The rate of the citric acid cycle depends on the body’s need for energy. When energy demands are high and ATP is low → the cycle is activated. When energy demands are low and NADH is high → the cycle is inhibited. ...
Ch. 9
... gluconeogenic enzyme) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the first enzyme of the PDH complex. With a high cell-energy charge coenzyme A (CoA) is highly acylated, principally as acetyl-CoA, and able allosterically to activate pyruvate carboxylase, directing pyruvate toward gluconeogenesis. When the en ...
... gluconeogenic enzyme) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the first enzyme of the PDH complex. With a high cell-energy charge coenzyme A (CoA) is highly acylated, principally as acetyl-CoA, and able allosterically to activate pyruvate carboxylase, directing pyruvate toward gluconeogenesis. When the en ...
Fermentation - Sacred Heart Academy
... • Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen. Fermentation – takes advantage of glycolysis, – produces two ATP molecules per glucose, and – reduces NAD+ to NADH. ...
... • Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen. Fermentation – takes advantage of glycolysis, – produces two ATP molecules per glucose, and – reduces NAD+ to NADH. ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... The Glyoxylate Cycle • Pathway for the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in plants, bacteria and yeast (not animals) • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl C ...
... The Glyoxylate Cycle • Pathway for the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in plants, bacteria and yeast (not animals) • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl C ...
Concept 6.5 During Photosynthesis, Light Energy Is
... oxidation and trapped by reduction of coenzymes such as NADH. • Energy for anabolic processes is supplied by ATP. • Most energy-releasing reactions produce NADH, but most energy-consuming reactions require ATP. • Oxidative phosphorylation transfers energy from NADH to ATP. ...
... oxidation and trapped by reduction of coenzymes such as NADH. • Energy for anabolic processes is supplied by ATP. • Most energy-releasing reactions produce NADH, but most energy-consuming reactions require ATP. • Oxidative phosphorylation transfers energy from NADH to ATP. ...
1. The molecule that is most directly used to power different cell
... ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. The tri in the name tells you that it has a 3 phosphate group tail. The triphosphate tail is an important part of the molecule because it store energy in this high energy bond. ...
... ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. The tri in the name tells you that it has a 3 phosphate group tail. The triphosphate tail is an important part of the molecule because it store energy in this high energy bond. ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 29: Membrane Transport and metabolism
... muscle or used for fatty acid biosynthesis in adipose tissue. After exposure to insulin, Vmax for glucose uptake goes up 10-12 fold, while KM stays constant. When insulin levels decline, the glucose transport rate decreases to the original value over about 2 h. Changes in Vmax often reflect change i ...
... muscle or used for fatty acid biosynthesis in adipose tissue. After exposure to insulin, Vmax for glucose uptake goes up 10-12 fold, while KM stays constant. When insulin levels decline, the glucose transport rate decreases to the original value over about 2 h. Changes in Vmax often reflect change i ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP ...
... • During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP ...
Aerobic Respiration
... • Citric acid cycle – Occurs in mitochondria – Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA before entering cycle – Cycle turns twice per glucose molecule • One turn per acetyl CoA ...
... • Citric acid cycle – Occurs in mitochondria – Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA before entering cycle – Cycle turns twice per glucose molecule • One turn per acetyl CoA ...
rll 24.5 The citric ocid cycle
... electron transport chain can opelate. \Mhen there is no oxygen available to drain electrons from NADH and FADH2 in respiration, the electron carriers of the electron transport chain become completely reduced. More electrons cannot be passed down the chain, and oxidative phosphorylation stops. Howeve ...
... electron transport chain can opelate. \Mhen there is no oxygen available to drain electrons from NADH and FADH2 in respiration, the electron carriers of the electron transport chain become completely reduced. More electrons cannot be passed down the chain, and oxidative phosphorylation stops. Howeve ...
Energy In A Cell
... • Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy • Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy, including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed ...
... • Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy • Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy, including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed ...
Energy In A Cell
... • Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy • Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy, including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed ...
... • Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy • Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy, including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduce ...
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduce ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.