Fat-Soluble
... (releases carbon dioxide), and the electron transport chain (uses oxygen to make a lot of ATP). • Niacin is needed to make NADH, which carries electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle into the electron transport chain. (see diagram, next slide) • Riboflavin is needed to make FADH2, which has a ...
... (releases carbon dioxide), and the electron transport chain (uses oxygen to make a lot of ATP). • Niacin is needed to make NADH, which carries electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle into the electron transport chain. (see diagram, next slide) • Riboflavin is needed to make FADH2, which has a ...
electron transport chain
... • Series of electron carriers • Each carrier exists in oxidized or reduced form • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain in series of redox reactions • Lose energy as pass along the chain • Released energy is used to pump protons across the inner membrane space (Hydrogen ions=protons) • Ox ...
... • Series of electron carriers • Each carrier exists in oxidized or reduced form • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain in series of redox reactions • Lose energy as pass along the chain • Released energy is used to pump protons across the inner membrane space (Hydrogen ions=protons) • Ox ...
Proton transfer pathways and mechanism in bacterial reaction centers Minireview
... The relative energy levels for proton transfer from the surface bound acid to Glu-L212 is shown in Fig. 3. This energy landscape is determined by the free energies of protonation for the individual groups. The pKa of Glu-L212 in the double His mutant RC was determined from the pH titration of the ð1 ...
... The relative energy levels for proton transfer from the surface bound acid to Glu-L212 is shown in Fig. 3. This energy landscape is determined by the free energies of protonation for the individual groups. The pKa of Glu-L212 in the double His mutant RC was determined from the pH titration of the ð1 ...
9 How Cells Harvest Energy Concept Outline
... the presence of oxygen, the cell carries out a complex seStage Three: The Krebs Cycle. The third stage introries of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in four duces this acetyl-CoA into a cycle of nine reactions called stages: the first stage captures energy by substrate-level the Krebs cycle, na ...
... the presence of oxygen, the cell carries out a complex seStage Three: The Krebs Cycle. The third stage introries of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in four duces this acetyl-CoA into a cycle of nine reactions called stages: the first stage captures energy by substrate-level the Krebs cycle, na ...
Biological Energy Systems
... of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle.) • NADH and FADH2 molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from ADP. ...
... of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle.) • NADH and FADH2 molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from ADP. ...
Cell and Molecular Biology
... • For the transport special carriers are present e.g. adenine nucleotide carrier(ATP –ADP transport). • Complex II i.e. Succinate dehydrogenase . • Complex V i.e. ATP synthase complex. Outer membrane: It is permeable to most ions and molecules which can move from the cytosol to inter membranous spac ...
... • For the transport special carriers are present e.g. adenine nucleotide carrier(ATP –ADP transport). • Complex II i.e. Succinate dehydrogenase . • Complex V i.e. ATP synthase complex. Outer membrane: It is permeable to most ions and molecules which can move from the cytosol to inter membranous spac ...
First Homework Assignment
... First-galactopyranosides hooked to glucose through the anomeric carbon of galactose. There are four possible connection spots to glucose (2, 3, 4, or 6-1 will be discussed later) and each connecting galactose can be in either the or type of glycosidic linkage. Ignoring the free reducing end of g ...
... First-galactopyranosides hooked to glucose through the anomeric carbon of galactose. There are four possible connection spots to glucose (2, 3, 4, or 6-1 will be discussed later) and each connecting galactose can be in either the or type of glycosidic linkage. Ignoring the free reducing end of g ...
Cellular Respiration
... Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by specific enzymes. At key steps, electrons are stripped from the glucose. In many oxidation reactions, the electron is transferred with a proton, as a hydrogen atom. o ...
... Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by specific enzymes. At key steps, electrons are stripped from the glucose. In many oxidation reactions, the electron is transferred with a proton, as a hydrogen atom. o ...
Schuenemann_Cytochrome P450
... The postulated enzymatic reaction cycle is shown in Fig. 2. In the resting state of the enzyme the catalytically active heme iron center acquires the ferric low-spin state (S=1/2). After binding of the substrate camphor to the amino acid residue Tyr96 inside the heme pocket, the iron changes from th ...
... The postulated enzymatic reaction cycle is shown in Fig. 2. In the resting state of the enzyme the catalytically active heme iron center acquires the ferric low-spin state (S=1/2). After binding of the substrate camphor to the amino acid residue Tyr96 inside the heme pocket, the iron changes from th ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Teacher`s Guide
... mitochondria of a cell. A mitochondrion consists of a pair of membranes surrounding an amorphous interior, the matrix. The innermost membrane forms many inward-facing folds, the cristae, which greatly increase the amount of membrane that can be packed within the mitochondrion. The similarity of a mi ...
... mitochondria of a cell. A mitochondrion consists of a pair of membranes surrounding an amorphous interior, the matrix. The innermost membrane forms many inward-facing folds, the cristae, which greatly increase the amount of membrane that can be packed within the mitochondrion. The similarity of a mi ...
03-232 Biochemistry ... Name:________________________ or the back of the preceding page. In questions... Instructions:
... the energy source generated in part A of this question. Choice A: The movement of electrons through the electron transport chain provides energy to move protons across the inner membrane, establishing a proton gradient – this is how the energy is stored (5 pts). NADH: The electrons from NADH follo ...
... the energy source generated in part A of this question. Choice A: The movement of electrons through the electron transport chain provides energy to move protons across the inner membrane, establishing a proton gradient – this is how the energy is stored (5 pts). NADH: The electrons from NADH follo ...
Related Metabolic Processes
... • During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP ...
... • During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... • During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP ...
... • During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP ...
Part 2
... 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has ...
... 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has ...
Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
... VI. The Glyoxylate Cycle of Plants, Yeast and Bacteria Plants, fungi, algae, protozoans and bacteria can thrive on two carbon compounds such as acetate, ethanol and acetyl-CoA, as their sole carbon source. In the citric acid cycle, we have seen how acetyl-CoA is oxidized into 2 molecules of CO2 to g ...
... VI. The Glyoxylate Cycle of Plants, Yeast and Bacteria Plants, fungi, algae, protozoans and bacteria can thrive on two carbon compounds such as acetate, ethanol and acetyl-CoA, as their sole carbon source. In the citric acid cycle, we have seen how acetyl-CoA is oxidized into 2 molecules of CO2 to g ...
H +
... opposite direction. Antiporters in bacteria generally use the potential energy of electrochemical gradients from protons (H+), that is, proton motive force to co-transport ions, glucose, and amino acids against their concentration gradient. Sodium ions (Na+) and protons (H+), for example, are co-tra ...
... opposite direction. Antiporters in bacteria generally use the potential energy of electrochemical gradients from protons (H+), that is, proton motive force to co-transport ions, glucose, and amino acids against their concentration gradient. Sodium ions (Na+) and protons (H+), for example, are co-tra ...
BIO 322_Rec_4part1_Spring 2013
... Glycerol released by lipase action is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase Glycerol 3-phosphate is oxidized into dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glycolytic enzyme triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is oxidized in glycolysis. ...
... Glycerol released by lipase action is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase Glycerol 3-phosphate is oxidized into dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glycolytic enzyme triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is oxidized in glycolysis. ...
respiration_how cell..
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
발효화학-8.
... (1) microbial processes that produce useful products or (2) a form of anaerobic microbial growth using internally supplied electron acceptors and generating ATP mainly through substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP). This chapter describes the fermentation processes carried out by various anaerobic ...
... (1) microbial processes that produce useful products or (2) a form of anaerobic microbial growth using internally supplied electron acceptors and generating ATP mainly through substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP). This chapter describes the fermentation processes carried out by various anaerobic ...
Carbohydrate and sugar structure
... energy to carry out their functions They couple exergonic reactions of nutrient breakdown to the endergonic processes required to maintain the living state Catabolism (degradation): nutrients and cell constituents broken down to salvage components and/or generate energy Anabolism (biosynthesis): bio ...
... energy to carry out their functions They couple exergonic reactions of nutrient breakdown to the endergonic processes required to maintain the living state Catabolism (degradation): nutrients and cell constituents broken down to salvage components and/or generate energy Anabolism (biosynthesis): bio ...
Chapter 3
... • In cells, often involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons – Hydrogen atom contains one electron – A molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron and, therefore, is oxidized © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ...
... • In cells, often involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons – Hydrogen atom contains one electron – A molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron and, therefore, is oxidized © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ...
supporting information
... The net energy of butyrate (in the form of ATP, molTP/ (L·h)) is (3* VHBu – 1/4*(VBu + DiffBu * (H+/(H+ + 10-pKa,HBu)) * VHBu * X /D)), in which 3 is ATP yield per butyrate from glucose; 1/4 is ATP consumed for proton motive force. Therefore, the ATP net of butyrate yield is shorten as f_Bu * vP. An ...
... The net energy of butyrate (in the form of ATP, molTP/ (L·h)) is (3* VHBu – 1/4*(VBu + DiffBu * (H+/(H+ + 10-pKa,HBu)) * VHBu * X /D)), in which 3 is ATP yield per butyrate from glucose; 1/4 is ATP consumed for proton motive force. Therefore, the ATP net of butyrate yield is shorten as f_Bu * vP. An ...
Ch. 6 PPT
... • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
... • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
Chapter 9
... Hans Adolf Krebs – received the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his work on the series of chemical reactions known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (also called the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle). This is the basic system for the essential pathway of oxidation within the cell. Copyright © 2005 Pearson E ...
... Hans Adolf Krebs – received the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his work on the series of chemical reactions known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (also called the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle). This is the basic system for the essential pathway of oxidation within the cell. Copyright © 2005 Pearson E ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.