Carbohydrate and sugar structure
... 2. Convert the phosphorylated intermediates into high energy phosphate compounds. 3. Couple the transfer of the phosphate to ADP to form ATP. Stage I A preparatory stage in which glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved to yield two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate - uses two ATPs Stage II glycer ...
... 2. Convert the phosphorylated intermediates into high energy phosphate compounds. 3. Couple the transfer of the phosphate to ADP to form ATP. Stage I A preparatory stage in which glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved to yield two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate - uses two ATPs Stage II glycer ...
+ energy
... • The energy of oxidation is initially trapped as a high-energy phosphate compound (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate) and then used to form ATP ...
... • The energy of oxidation is initially trapped as a high-energy phosphate compound (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate) and then used to form ATP ...
Organic Review Worksheet and Problem Set
... Cu2+ ions. Since the copper atoms lost electrons, the copper is oxidized. At the same time, the positively charged silver ions each gained a negatively charged electron and became insoluble, solid silver. Since the silver atoms gained electrons, the silver is reduced. In the above reaction, identify ...
... Cu2+ ions. Since the copper atoms lost electrons, the copper is oxidized. At the same time, the positively charged silver ions each gained a negatively charged electron and became insoluble, solid silver. Since the silver atoms gained electrons, the silver is reduced. In the above reaction, identify ...
PDF - The Journal of General Physiology
... The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which plays a crucial role in metabolic redox reactions, participates in a feedback loop with the core clock machinery: NAD+ regulates the transcription of clock genes through the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, while expression of the rate-li ...
... The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which plays a crucial role in metabolic redox reactions, participates in a feedback loop with the core clock machinery: NAD+ regulates the transcription of clock genes through the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, while expression of the rate-li ...
ATP - RCSD
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • Remember that the citric acid cycle processes two molecules of acetyl CoA for each initial glucose. • Thus, after two turns of the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose mole ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • Remember that the citric acid cycle processes two molecules of acetyl CoA for each initial glucose. • Thus, after two turns of the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose mole ...
Cellular Respiration Notes (8.3)
... glucose and oxygen. B. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. C. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. D. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. ...
... glucose and oxygen. B. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. C. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. D. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. ...
9-1 PowerPoint
... Food is not broken down into energy until it is needed to make ATP. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy form food in the presence of oxygen. Overall respiration - sugars + oxygen carbon dioxide + water. (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O Cellular respiration involves a series of co ...
... Food is not broken down into energy until it is needed to make ATP. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy form food in the presence of oxygen. Overall respiration - sugars + oxygen carbon dioxide + water. (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O Cellular respiration involves a series of co ...
RACC BIO Photosynthesis
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
ATP - Mhanafi123`s Blog
... malate dehydrogenase Enzyme glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase required NAD+ in function ...
... malate dehydrogenase Enzyme glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase required NAD+ in function ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
... the intermembrane space, the result is the A) formation of ATP. B) reduction of NAD+. C) restoration of the Na+/K+ balance across the membrane. D) creation of a proton-motive force. E) lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix. Answer: D Topic: Concept 9.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) Where i ...
... the intermembrane space, the result is the A) formation of ATP. B) reduction of NAD+. C) restoration of the Na+/K+ balance across the membrane. D) creation of a proton-motive force. E) lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix. Answer: D Topic: Concept 9.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) Where i ...
AnaerobicAerobic CellResp
... Occurs with various bacteria: -Involved in the production of pickles, yogurt, and various other foods Also occurs in animal muscle cells -Provides ATP when there is a lack of oxygen (instead of aerobic cellular respiration) -Can be responsible for muscle burning/soreness during exercise Glucose → La ...
... Occurs with various bacteria: -Involved in the production of pickles, yogurt, and various other foods Also occurs in animal muscle cells -Provides ATP when there is a lack of oxygen (instead of aerobic cellular respiration) -Can be responsible for muscle burning/soreness during exercise Glucose → La ...
Pyruvate Oxidation
... If ATP levels are high, acetyl-co A will be directed into synthesis of fatty acids for long-term energy storage If ATP is needed, acetyl-co A is directed to the next part of cellular respiration: The Krebs Cycle ...
... If ATP levels are high, acetyl-co A will be directed into synthesis of fatty acids for long-term energy storage If ATP is needed, acetyl-co A is directed to the next part of cellular respiration: The Krebs Cycle ...
Lecture 7 (2/06/08) " Single
... enzyme was immobilized on a coverslip through His-tag introduced at the N-termini of the b subunit. Fluorescently labeled actin filament was attached to the g subunit for the observation. Images of the rotating particles were taken with a CCD camera attached to an image intensifier, recorded on an 8 ...
... enzyme was immobilized on a coverslip through His-tag introduced at the N-termini of the b subunit. Fluorescently labeled actin filament was attached to the g subunit for the observation. Images of the rotating particles were taken with a CCD camera attached to an image intensifier, recorded on an 8 ...
Pass Back Graded Work!
... Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric acid can be used to make good “natural” cleaners, though some may still contain chemicals ...
... Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric acid can be used to make good “natural” cleaners, though some may still contain chemicals ...
design of energy metabolism
... and fats because nitrogenous waste removal incurs a cost. ATP yields are approximately similar to those for carbohydrates. 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETS of IMM) a) NADH or FADH2 from Krebs Cycle are fed through ETS with molecular oxygen serving as the final electron acceptor. ½ O2 reacts with 2 ...
... and fats because nitrogenous waste removal incurs a cost. ATP yields are approximately similar to those for carbohydrates. 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETS of IMM) a) NADH or FADH2 from Krebs Cycle are fed through ETS with molecular oxygen serving as the final electron acceptor. ½ O2 reacts with 2 ...
ppt
... 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has ...
... 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has ...
Anaerobic glycolysis
... • Glycolysis is universal pathway by which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to pyruvate • Enzymes are in cytosol • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic gl ...
... • Glycolysis is universal pathway by which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to pyruvate • Enzymes are in cytosol • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic gl ...
Ch. 22 Glycolysis • Explain how glucose is universal fuel, oxidized in
... • Glycolysis is universal pathway by which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to pyruvate • Enzymes are in cytosol • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic gl ...
... • Glycolysis is universal pathway by which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to pyruvate • Enzymes are in cytosol • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic gl ...
CO 2
... membrane makes it possible to • create an H+ concentration gradient across the membrane • use the energy of that gradient to drive ATP synthesis. ...
... membrane makes it possible to • create an H+ concentration gradient across the membrane • use the energy of that gradient to drive ATP synthesis. ...
Mitochondria - Physical Mathematics
... Stage 1: High-energy electrons (derived from the oxidation of food molecules, from pigments excited by sunlight, or from other sources described later) are transferred along a series of electron-transport protein complexes that form an electron-transport chain embedded in a membrane. Each electron t ...
... Stage 1: High-energy electrons (derived from the oxidation of food molecules, from pigments excited by sunlight, or from other sources described later) are transferred along a series of electron-transport protein complexes that form an electron-transport chain embedded in a membrane. Each electron t ...
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... to the site of the electron transport chain. • Brain and muscle cells employ a transport mechanism that passes electrons from cytoplasmic NADH through the membrane to FAD molecules inside the mitochondria, forming FADH2. This cytoplasmic NADH generates 1.5 molecules of ATP. • Liver, heart, and kidne ...
... to the site of the electron transport chain. • Brain and muscle cells employ a transport mechanism that passes electrons from cytoplasmic NADH through the membrane to FAD molecules inside the mitochondria, forming FADH2. This cytoplasmic NADH generates 1.5 molecules of ATP. • Liver, heart, and kidne ...
Integrity and purity of the mitochondrial fraction
... positive for MitoTracker staining (Fig. S1A). The mitochondrial fraction was also essentially free of cytoplasmic contaminants such as GAPDH (absent by western blot, Fig. S1B), and the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The activity of the latter enzyme accounted for < 20% of that found in cyto ...
... positive for MitoTracker staining (Fig. S1A). The mitochondrial fraction was also essentially free of cytoplasmic contaminants such as GAPDH (absent by western blot, Fig. S1B), and the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The activity of the latter enzyme accounted for < 20% of that found in cyto ...
citric acid cycle - usmle step 1 and 2 for android
... Citrate is freely permeable across the mitochondrial membrane It serves as a good source of cytosolic acetyl CoA which is used for synthesis of fatty acids Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase and activates acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 & 3. Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by enzyme aconitase ...
... Citrate is freely permeable across the mitochondrial membrane It serves as a good source of cytosolic acetyl CoA which is used for synthesis of fatty acids Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase and activates acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 & 3. Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by enzyme aconitase ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... however, it can be used to produce energy (4 or 6 ATP) by respiratory chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These carriers are either dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycerophosphate shuttle) or oxaloacetate (aspartate malate shu ...
... however, it can be used to produce energy (4 or 6 ATP) by respiratory chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These carriers are either dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycerophosphate shuttle) or oxaloacetate (aspartate malate shu ...
Cellular Respiration
... 2. All cells must do work to stay alive and maintain homeostasis. The energy needed for cell work comes from the bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Cells get their ATP by breaking organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins), a process called cellular respiration. Although many organic ...
... 2. All cells must do work to stay alive and maintain homeostasis. The energy needed for cell work comes from the bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Cells get their ATP by breaking organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins), a process called cellular respiration. Although many organic ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.