The early evolution of biological energy conservation
... 5. In both acetogens and methanogens, which use the Wood– Ljungdahl pathway, there are forms known that lack cytochromes. The acetogens that lack cytochromes lack quinones [35,58]. The methanogens that lack cytochromes lack the quinone functional quinone analog methanophenazine [59]. Acetogens and m ...
... 5. In both acetogens and methanogens, which use the Wood– Ljungdahl pathway, there are forms known that lack cytochromes. The acetogens that lack cytochromes lack quinones [35,58]. The methanogens that lack cytochromes lack the quinone functional quinone analog methanophenazine [59]. Acetogens and m ...
F214 Content checklist
... Outline why plants, animals and microorganisms need to respire, with reference to active transport and metabolic reactions. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of ATP. State that ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes. Explain the importance of coenzymes i ...
... Outline why plants, animals and microorganisms need to respire, with reference to active transport and metabolic reactions. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of ATP. State that ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes. Explain the importance of coenzymes i ...
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
... down to make ATP. – 36 ATP/1 molecule glucose • Fats store the most energy – 146 ATP/molecule • Proteins are not usually broken down for energy ...
... down to make ATP. – 36 ATP/1 molecule glucose • Fats store the most energy – 146 ATP/molecule • Proteins are not usually broken down for energy ...
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts
... redox reactions in the citrate cycle to the electron transport system where they are reoxidized to provide redox energy that can be harnessed for ATP synthesis. The primary role of the citrate cycle is to strip 4 electron pairs (8 e-) from the acetate group of acetyl-CoA and transfer them to 3 NAD+ ...
... redox reactions in the citrate cycle to the electron transport system where they are reoxidized to provide redox energy that can be harnessed for ATP synthesis. The primary role of the citrate cycle is to strip 4 electron pairs (8 e-) from the acetate group of acetyl-CoA and transfer them to 3 NAD+ ...
Document
... - the normal fuel is fatty acids which are converted to acetylCoA and oxidized in the citric acid cycle and ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. - about half the volume of the cytoplasm of heart muscle cells made up of mitochondria. - the heart has low levels of glycogen and little phosphoc ...
... - the normal fuel is fatty acids which are converted to acetylCoA and oxidized in the citric acid cycle and ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. - about half the volume of the cytoplasm of heart muscle cells made up of mitochondria. - the heart has low levels of glycogen and little phosphoc ...
Exam 3 Quarter 2 Review Sheet
... why they cause a problem. For example, why would DNP be an excellent weight loss drug? 27. It turns out that you need only very small amounts of vitamin B3 (niacin), which is used to make NAD+. The same goes for riboflavin, the vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD. However, you have incredible numbe ...
... why they cause a problem. For example, why would DNP be an excellent weight loss drug? 27. It turns out that you need only very small amounts of vitamin B3 (niacin), which is used to make NAD+. The same goes for riboflavin, the vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD. However, you have incredible numbe ...
Cellular Respiration
... Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3carbon compound. How much ATP is released during glycolysis? ...
... Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3carbon compound. How much ATP is released during glycolysis? ...
![[j26]Chapter 5#](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009375917_1-4b76508e3cea6c5c195183cfa3853e79-300x300.png)
[j26]Chapter 5#
... ___ 13. Anaerobic respiration (or lactic acid fermentation) yields a net gain of two ATP molecules. ___ 14. Anaerobic respiration (or lactic acid fermentation) in the cell does not require the presence of oxygen in the conversion of one glucose molecule to two molecules of lactic acid. ___ 15. It is ...
... ___ 13. Anaerobic respiration (or lactic acid fermentation) yields a net gain of two ATP molecules. ___ 14. Anaerobic respiration (or lactic acid fermentation) in the cell does not require the presence of oxygen in the conversion of one glucose molecule to two molecules of lactic acid. ___ 15. It is ...
213 lactate dehydrog..
... cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Krebs' cycle) In the presence of O2 pyruvate (the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvate transporter into mitochondria which proceeds ...
... cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Krebs' cycle) In the presence of O2 pyruvate (the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvate transporter into mitochondria which proceeds ...
doc BIOC 311 Final Study Guide
... 7. 3-Phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate (via phosphoglycerate mutase). 8. 2-phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + H2O (via enolase). 9. PEP + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP* (via pyruvate kinase). a. *Irreversible. Regulated by both allosteric and hormonal substrates. b. Regulation (muscle): fruct ...
... 7. 3-Phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate (via phosphoglycerate mutase). 8. 2-phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + H2O (via enolase). 9. PEP + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP* (via pyruvate kinase). a. *Irreversible. Regulated by both allosteric and hormonal substrates. b. Regulation (muscle): fruct ...
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
... 3) Chorophyll is a heme group, using a Mg ion instead of Fe or Cu, with a long fatty acid tail attached to make it soluble in the thylakoid membrane. The cytochrome P450 complexes in the membrane of the SER consist of two enzymes: (1) NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (2) Cytochrome P450 The reductase ...
... 3) Chorophyll is a heme group, using a Mg ion instead of Fe or Cu, with a long fatty acid tail attached to make it soluble in the thylakoid membrane. The cytochrome P450 complexes in the membrane of the SER consist of two enzymes: (1) NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (2) Cytochrome P450 The reductase ...
Fate of pyruvate
... Coenzymes of the complex are derived from water soluble vitamins: 1- Thiamine pyruphosphate, TPP (derived from thiamine, vitamin B1) 2- NAD+ (derived from niacin) 3- FAD (derived from riboflavin) 4- Lipoic acid 5- Coenzyme A (derived from pantothenic acid) ...
... Coenzymes of the complex are derived from water soluble vitamins: 1- Thiamine pyruphosphate, TPP (derived from thiamine, vitamin B1) 2- NAD+ (derived from niacin) 3- FAD (derived from riboflavin) 4- Lipoic acid 5- Coenzyme A (derived from pantothenic acid) ...
Module 6 – Microbial Metabolism
... group of electron carriers (usually to NAD+ and FAD). Then, the electrons are passed through a series of different electron carriers to molecules of O2 or other oxidized inorganic and organic molecules. This process occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and in the inner mitochondrial membrane ...
... group of electron carriers (usually to NAD+ and FAD). Then, the electrons are passed through a series of different electron carriers to molecules of O2 or other oxidized inorganic and organic molecules. This process occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and in the inner mitochondrial membrane ...
PPT slides - USD Biology
... acids into the Krebs cycle Note that different amino acids enter as different Krebs cycle intermediates. ...
... acids into the Krebs cycle Note that different amino acids enter as different Krebs cycle intermediates. ...
Exam 2 Key
... 3· (8 pts) The 6 events listed below occur during photosynthesis. List the order of events (#1 first-#6last) ...
... 3· (8 pts) The 6 events listed below occur during photosynthesis. List the order of events (#1 first-#6last) ...
Chapter 18 Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... Enzyme Complex IV At enzyme complex IV electrons from cytochrome c are passed to other electron carriers until the electrons combine with hydrogen ions and oxygen (O2) to form water. ...
... Enzyme Complex IV At enzyme complex IV electrons from cytochrome c are passed to other electron carriers until the electrons combine with hydrogen ions and oxygen (O2) to form water. ...
espiration - WordPress.com
... Glucose is oxidised to pyruvate during the process of glycolysis. Explain why glycolysis is said to involve oxidation. ...
... Glucose is oxidised to pyruvate during the process of glycolysis. Explain why glycolysis is said to involve oxidation. ...
Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... Learning Outcome: 7.2 26) Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is ...
... Learning Outcome: 7.2 26) Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.