Energy
... of atoms in molecules Rearrangement of atoms will either store or release energy chemical reaction = rearrangement of atoms ...
... of atoms in molecules Rearrangement of atoms will either store or release energy chemical reaction = rearrangement of atoms ...
13-Krebs cycle
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
Summary of glycolysis (Embden
... during exercise, there is lack of oxygen so this reconversion is not possible, Therefore, the cell has to couple some other reaction in which NAD+ is regenerated in the cytoplasm itself hence, pyruvate is reduced to lactate; the NAD+ thus generated is reutilized for uninterrupted operation of the pa ...
... during exercise, there is lack of oxygen so this reconversion is not possible, Therefore, the cell has to couple some other reaction in which NAD+ is regenerated in the cytoplasm itself hence, pyruvate is reduced to lactate; the NAD+ thus generated is reutilized for uninterrupted operation of the pa ...
Document
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... into several energy-releasing steps (Figure 9.5b). An electron transport chain consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of aerobically respiring prokaryotes. Electrons removed from glucose are sh ...
... into several energy-releasing steps (Figure 9.5b). An electron transport chain consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of aerobically respiring prokaryotes. Electrons removed from glucose are sh ...
-1 Respiration and Fermentation Respiration is the process of
... Respiration and Fermentation Respiration is the process of breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules and converting the chemical energy released in the process to another form of chemical energy - ATP. ATP can be utilized in anabolic reactions to manufacture more complex molecules from le ...
... Respiration and Fermentation Respiration is the process of breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules and converting the chemical energy released in the process to another form of chemical energy - ATP. ATP can be utilized in anabolic reactions to manufacture more complex molecules from le ...
Document
... 4 protons passed to coe's (3 NADH & 1 FADH2) 2 CO2's are released 1 GDP is phosphorylated to GTP (equivalent to ATP) ...
... 4 protons passed to coe's (3 NADH & 1 FADH2) 2 CO2's are released 1 GDP is phosphorylated to GTP (equivalent to ATP) ...
Nobel Prizes 1907 Eduard Buchner, cell
... groups),(Lipoateelectron,acyl carriers, swings between three different active sites of the PDComplex),TPP,FAD,NAD+);3 enz(E1: PDH, E2: Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, E3: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase)|Pathway:8 steps:1.A-CoAcitrate( Hydrolysis of the thioester bondmuch energy;citrate synthase confor ...
... groups),(Lipoateelectron,acyl carriers, swings between three different active sites of the PDComplex),TPP,FAD,NAD+);3 enz(E1: PDH, E2: Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, E3: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase)|Pathway:8 steps:1.A-CoAcitrate( Hydrolysis of the thioester bondmuch energy;citrate synthase confor ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, in contrast to other enzymes of the TCA cycle which are dissolved in the mitochondrial matrix • Complex of polypeptides, FAD and iron-sulfur clusters ...
... • Located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, in contrast to other enzymes of the TCA cycle which are dissolved in the mitochondrial matrix • Complex of polypeptides, FAD and iron-sulfur clusters ...
03-232 Biochemistry Exam III - S2014 Name:________________________
... Choice A: Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the TCA cycle are all regulated by “energy sensing”. Select one of the three pathways and describe: i) the step that is regulated (1 pt). ii) the compounds that regulate that step, and whether they activate or inhibit the step (4 pts). iii) why this regulat ...
... Choice A: Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the TCA cycle are all regulated by “energy sensing”. Select one of the three pathways and describe: i) the step that is regulated (1 pt). ii) the compounds that regulate that step, and whether they activate or inhibit the step (4 pts). iii) why this regulat ...
Enzymes Recap
... • The chemical structure is such that its successive oxida5on yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficient manner ...
... • The chemical structure is such that its successive oxida5on yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficient manner ...
Lecture 17 Glycolysis (continued) Recap Phases: priming: glucose
... Near equilibrium: not regulated Note that the acid C is oxidized (from aldehyde to acid) Reaction 7 ΔGo’ =-18.9 kJ/mol ΔG’ = +0.1 kJ/mol Near equilibrium: not regulated Note “substrate level phosphorylation” of ADP Reaction 8 ΔGo’ =+4.4 kJ/mol ΔG’ = +0.83 kJ/mol Near equilibrium: not regulated React ...
... Near equilibrium: not regulated Note that the acid C is oxidized (from aldehyde to acid) Reaction 7 ΔGo’ =-18.9 kJ/mol ΔG’ = +0.1 kJ/mol Near equilibrium: not regulated Note “substrate level phosphorylation” of ADP Reaction 8 ΔGo’ =+4.4 kJ/mol ΔG’ = +0.83 kJ/mol Near equilibrium: not regulated React ...
Integrative Assignment
... tissue to crystalize… this is formally all we can say about the structure of Cytochrome b from human mitochondria. However, it is less challenging to obtain a large amount of beef heart mitochondria from slaughter houses. The mitochondria are first purified away from other cellular components. Then ...
... tissue to crystalize… this is formally all we can say about the structure of Cytochrome b from human mitochondria. However, it is less challenging to obtain a large amount of beef heart mitochondria from slaughter houses. The mitochondria are first purified away from other cellular components. Then ...
Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercising Muscle
... before entering Krebs cycle • Requires up-front expenditure of 2 ATP • Number of steps depends on number of carbons on FFA – 16-carbon FFA yields 8 acetyl-CoA – Compare: 1 glucose yields 2 acetyl-CoA – Fat oxidation requires more O2 now, yields far more ATP later ...
... before entering Krebs cycle • Requires up-front expenditure of 2 ATP • Number of steps depends on number of carbons on FFA – 16-carbon FFA yields 8 acetyl-CoA – Compare: 1 glucose yields 2 acetyl-CoA – Fat oxidation requires more O2 now, yields far more ATP later ...
19 Dr. Nafez Abu Tarboosh Qusai Al Sharef
... by oxygen atoms. --Why are those so important? Because they help the coenzyme to bind with Mg which preserve the structure (when Mg is bound it will stabilize the whole structure). Referring to the previous point: 1-The part responsible for binding is the pyrophosphate. 2-The part responsible for ca ...
... by oxygen atoms. --Why are those so important? Because they help the coenzyme to bind with Mg which preserve the structure (when Mg is bound it will stabilize the whole structure). Referring to the previous point: 1-The part responsible for binding is the pyrophosphate. 2-The part responsible for ca ...
energy, cellular respiration
... Chemical energy is due to the arrangement of atoms in molecules Rearrangement of atoms will either store or release energy chemical reaction = rearrangement of atoms ...
... Chemical energy is due to the arrangement of atoms in molecules Rearrangement of atoms will either store or release energy chemical reaction = rearrangement of atoms ...
energy, cellular respiration
... Chemical energy is due to the arrangement of atoms in molecules Rearrangement of atoms will either store or release energy chemical reaction = rearrangement of atoms ...
... Chemical energy is due to the arrangement of atoms in molecules Rearrangement of atoms will either store or release energy chemical reaction = rearrangement of atoms ...
3. GLYCOLYSIS
... up into mitochondria, and after conversion to acety-CoA is oxidized to CO2 by the citric acid cycle. • The reducing equivalents from the NADH+H+ formed in glycolysis are taken up into mitochontria for oxidation. ...
... up into mitochondria, and after conversion to acety-CoA is oxidized to CO2 by the citric acid cycle. • The reducing equivalents from the NADH+H+ formed in glycolysis are taken up into mitochontria for oxidation. ...
Time: 1.5 hour
... (c) Embeden, Morrison and Pitcher (d) Warburg, Dickens and Horecker 9. The enzyme which converts glucose to glucose - 6 phosphate (a) Phosphorylase (b) Gluco-phosphorylase (c) Hexokinase (d) Phospho glucomutase 10. How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of FADH2 oxidised? (a) One (b) Tw ...
... (c) Embeden, Morrison and Pitcher (d) Warburg, Dickens and Horecker 9. The enzyme which converts glucose to glucose - 6 phosphate (a) Phosphorylase (b) Gluco-phosphorylase (c) Hexokinase (d) Phospho glucomutase 10. How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of FADH2 oxidised? (a) One (b) Tw ...
2 ATP - jpsaos
... • Where inner membrane of mito • Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC • Output 34 ATP – Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Krebs • 36-38 ATP total from 1 glucose molecule • Add 2 ATP to start reaction! ...
... • Where inner membrane of mito • Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC • Output 34 ATP – Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Krebs • 36-38 ATP total from 1 glucose molecule • Add 2 ATP to start reaction! ...
chapter_5_Mod_2009
... Catalysts are chemicals that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions. An enzyme is a protein molecule that act as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins. ...
... Catalysts are chemicals that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions. An enzyme is a protein molecule that act as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins. ...
Energy - Cobb Learning
... 2. How did plants acquire photosynthesis in evolution? Name three features of chloroplasts that are indicative of their origin. (It is referred to as endosymbiosis or the endosymbiotic theory) Click 3. Photosynthesis can be divided in two different processes. What are these processes? What are their ...
... 2. How did plants acquire photosynthesis in evolution? Name three features of chloroplasts that are indicative of their origin. (It is referred to as endosymbiosis or the endosymbiotic theory) Click 3. Photosynthesis can be divided in two different processes. What are these processes? What are their ...
Cellular Respiration
... B. NADH reduces pyruvate to lactic acid C. NADH oxidizes glucose to lactic acid D. NAD+ reduces pyruvate to ethanol E. NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol 8- The step in cellular respiration in which most of covalent bonds from the the glucose molecule are oxidized: A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. ...
... B. NADH reduces pyruvate to lactic acid C. NADH oxidizes glucose to lactic acid D. NAD+ reduces pyruvate to ethanol E. NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol 8- The step in cellular respiration in which most of covalent bonds from the the glucose molecule are oxidized: A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. ...
12_Lecture
... • The reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the matrix of the mitochondria. The reduced nucleotides, NADH and FADH2, begin their journey through the inner membrane here. • Enzyme complexes I through V are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and electron carriers that transport t ...
... • The reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the matrix of the mitochondria. The reduced nucleotides, NADH and FADH2, begin their journey through the inner membrane here. • Enzyme complexes I through V are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and electron carriers that transport t ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.