Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... • Fatty Acids (FA) and Triglycerides (TG) – high density energy store ...
... • Fatty Acids (FA) and Triglycerides (TG) – high density energy store ...
ppt
... – NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is another used in photosynthesis. Reduced to NADPH – These molecules readily give up electrons (oxidized) and gain electrons (reduced). ...
... – NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is another used in photosynthesis. Reduced to NADPH – These molecules readily give up electrons (oxidized) and gain electrons (reduced). ...
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or
... Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the pro ...
... Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the pro ...
Reactions of the citric acid cycle
... Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the pro ...
... Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the pro ...
Midterm #2 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... e) In addition to being an intermediate of the TCA cycle, -ketoglutarate is also a building block for other compounds in metabolism, such as amino acids. If -ketoglutarate is removed from the TCA cycle for amino acid synthesis, oxaloacetate (OAA) cannot be regenerated from -ketoglutarate. Briefly ...
... e) In addition to being an intermediate of the TCA cycle, -ketoglutarate is also a building block for other compounds in metabolism, such as amino acids. If -ketoglutarate is removed from the TCA cycle for amino acid synthesis, oxaloacetate (OAA) cannot be regenerated from -ketoglutarate. Briefly ...
Lecture 6
... occurs. The 2 moles of NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are oxidized in the electron transport chain back to NAD +. The electron transport chain generates a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of 5 ATP molecules from ADP and Pi. Furthermore, the pyruvate formed by glyc ...
... occurs. The 2 moles of NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are oxidized in the electron transport chain back to NAD +. The electron transport chain generates a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of 5 ATP molecules from ADP and Pi. Furthermore, the pyruvate formed by glyc ...
Lecture 4 - Muscle Metabolism
... • Produces 95% of ATP during rest and light to moderate exercise; slow • Series of chemical reactions that require oxygen; occur in mitochondria – Breaks glucose into CO2, H2O, and large amount ATP ...
... • Produces 95% of ATP during rest and light to moderate exercise; slow • Series of chemical reactions that require oxygen; occur in mitochondria – Breaks glucose into CO2, H2O, and large amount ATP ...
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
... Along with energy, cycle supplies many intermediates required for the synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc Site: mitochondrial matrix Oxidation of acetyl CoA Co2 + H2O Occurs in a cyclic manner, generate ATP Two carbon, acetyl CoA + 4 carbon, Oxaloacetate = 6 carbon tricarboxylic ac ...
... Along with energy, cycle supplies many intermediates required for the synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc Site: mitochondrial matrix Oxidation of acetyl CoA Co2 + H2O Occurs in a cyclic manner, generate ATP Two carbon, acetyl CoA + 4 carbon, Oxaloacetate = 6 carbon tricarboxylic ac ...
L11_lipogenesis
... Pyruvate + CoA + NAD acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 • Loss of carbon dioxide renders the reaction totally irreversible in vivo – No pathways in humans to make acetate into ‘gluconeogenic’ precursors • Can’t make glucose from acetyl-CoA • No way of going back once the PDH reaction has happened • Key water ...
... Pyruvate + CoA + NAD acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 • Loss of carbon dioxide renders the reaction totally irreversible in vivo – No pathways in humans to make acetate into ‘gluconeogenic’ precursors • Can’t make glucose from acetyl-CoA • No way of going back once the PDH reaction has happened • Key water ...
Chapter 17 - FIU Faculty Websites
... The vitamin thiamine is found in brown rice, but not in white (polished) rice. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity can be inhibited by mercury and arsenite, which bind to the two sulfurs of dihydrolipoamide. 2, 3-Dimercaptopropanol can counter the effects of arsenite poisoning by forming a compl ...
... The vitamin thiamine is found in brown rice, but not in white (polished) rice. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity can be inhibited by mercury and arsenite, which bind to the two sulfurs of dihydrolipoamide. 2, 3-Dimercaptopropanol can counter the effects of arsenite poisoning by forming a compl ...
Citrate Cycle
... • Based on ATP currency exchange ratio, and the one substrate level phosphorylation reaction, each turn of the cycle produces ~10 ATP for every acetyl-CoA that is oxidized. • Since regeneration of NAD+ and FAD inside the mitochondrial matrix is required to maintain flux through the citrate cycle (f ...
... • Based on ATP currency exchange ratio, and the one substrate level phosphorylation reaction, each turn of the cycle produces ~10 ATP for every acetyl-CoA that is oxidized. • Since regeneration of NAD+ and FAD inside the mitochondrial matrix is required to maintain flux through the citrate cycle (f ...
A structural genomics approach to membrane transport proteins
... 3 The post-genome age - bioinformatics and statistical analyses of amino acid alignments and emergence of evolutionary families With the discovery of increasing numbers of transport proteins, it became important to classify the various ways in which transport occurs across biological membranes, part ...
... 3 The post-genome age - bioinformatics and statistical analyses of amino acid alignments and emergence of evolutionary families With the discovery of increasing numbers of transport proteins, it became important to classify the various ways in which transport occurs across biological membranes, part ...
UNIT 5 I. Energy and the Cell Module 5.1 Energy is the capacity to
... C. The electron transport chain produces copious amounts of ATP, but only in the presence of O2. D. Three ATP are produced for each NADH and 2 ATP are produced for each FADH2 introduced into the electron transport chain. E. However, these are maximums. In some cells, ATP is required to shuttle NADH ...
... C. The electron transport chain produces copious amounts of ATP, but only in the presence of O2. D. Three ATP are produced for each NADH and 2 ATP are produced for each FADH2 introduced into the electron transport chain. E. However, these are maximums. In some cells, ATP is required to shuttle NADH ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... reactions. Glycolysis begins with the addition of energy. Two highenergy phosphates from two molecules of ATP are added to the six-carbon molecule glucose, producing a six-carbon molecule with two phosphates. ...
... reactions. Glycolysis begins with the addition of energy. Two highenergy phosphates from two molecules of ATP are added to the six-carbon molecule glucose, producing a six-carbon molecule with two phosphates. ...
BI0 120 cell and tissues
... E. citric acid. 36. Two intermediate electron carriers used in the Krebs cycle are A. NAD+ and FAD. B. ATP and ADP. C. water and oxygen. D. pyruvate and citrate. E. 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate. 37. The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are contained in the A. cytoplasm. B. matrix o ...
... E. citric acid. 36. Two intermediate electron carriers used in the Krebs cycle are A. NAD+ and FAD. B. ATP and ADP. C. water and oxygen. D. pyruvate and citrate. E. 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate. 37. The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are contained in the A. cytoplasm. B. matrix o ...
Lecture 26
... Citrate synthase: catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to yield citrate. Aconitase: isomerizes citrate to the easily oxidized isocitrate. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: oxidizes isocitrate to the -keto acid oxalosuccinate, coupled to NADH formation. Oxalosuccinate is then decarboxyl ...
... Citrate synthase: catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to yield citrate. Aconitase: isomerizes citrate to the easily oxidized isocitrate. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: oxidizes isocitrate to the -keto acid oxalosuccinate, coupled to NADH formation. Oxalosuccinate is then decarboxyl ...
File
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduce ...
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduce ...
03-232 Biochemistry Exam III - S2014 Name:________________________
... the three pathways and describe: i) the step that is regulated (1 pt). ii) the compounds that regulate that step, and whether they activate or inhibit the step (4 pts). iii) why this regulation is useful to the cell (1 pts). Choice B: The liver cell responds to a number of different hormones, includ ...
... the three pathways and describe: i) the step that is regulated (1 pt). ii) the compounds that regulate that step, and whether they activate or inhibit the step (4 pts). iii) why this regulation is useful to the cell (1 pts). Choice B: The liver cell responds to a number of different hormones, includ ...
video slide - Somerset Area School District
... becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron) ...
... becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron) ...
Energy Cycle in Vertebrates - Jean
... The flow of electrons through the respiratory chain establishes a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane as they are being pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Protons diffuse back to the matrix through a protein called ATP synthase, thereby stimulating this enzyme to pr ...
... The flow of electrons through the respiratory chain establishes a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane as they are being pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Protons diffuse back to the matrix through a protein called ATP synthase, thereby stimulating this enzyme to pr ...
The b-oxidation pathway as an energy source
... of species or even kingdom. 4. A number of invariant arginine and lysine clusters can be found on the surface of the molecule. Cytochrome c has a dual function in the cell. Electron transport for ATP production AND the major cause of most programmed cell death (apoptosis) is initiated by the release ...
... of species or even kingdom. 4. A number of invariant arginine and lysine clusters can be found on the surface of the molecule. Cytochrome c has a dual function in the cell. Electron transport for ATP production AND the major cause of most programmed cell death (apoptosis) is initiated by the release ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
... carbons into a series of acetyl-CoA The oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules requires the breaking of bonds, always one less bond that the number of acetyl-CoA. To break bonds, we must add water and ATP. When these fatty acid bonds are broken, 1 FADH2 and 1 [NADH + H+] are produced. ...
... carbons into a series of acetyl-CoA The oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules requires the breaking of bonds, always one less bond that the number of acetyl-CoA. To break bonds, we must add water and ATP. When these fatty acid bonds are broken, 1 FADH2 and 1 [NADH + H+] are produced. ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.