Reward-Related Responses in the Human Striatum
... slightly surprising finding—in contrast with research in animals, which often highlights the role of the ventral striatum (chiefly the nucleus accumbens) in reward processes—raising a question about the role of the human dorsal striatum. Second, what exactly did dorsal striatum activation in this pa ...
... slightly surprising finding—in contrast with research in animals, which often highlights the role of the ventral striatum (chiefly the nucleus accumbens) in reward processes—raising a question about the role of the human dorsal striatum. Second, what exactly did dorsal striatum activation in this pa ...
- Wiley Online Library
... releases the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine into the suprarenal vein for circulation throughout the body. Under sympathetic tone, catecholamine release is modest. However, upon activation of the sympathoadrenal stress reflex, and increased splanchnic firing, adrenal catecholamine ou ...
... releases the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine into the suprarenal vein for circulation throughout the body. Under sympathetic tone, catecholamine release is modest. However, upon activation of the sympathoadrenal stress reflex, and increased splanchnic firing, adrenal catecholamine ou ...
Word doc - Center for Neural Science
... Breadth of tuning may be a notable exception. Frequency receptive fields typically are determined using extracellular recordings of spike discharge in response to pure tone stimuli. However, the narrow receptive fields thus derived may be misleading, and underestimate the spectral breadth of inputs ...
... Breadth of tuning may be a notable exception. Frequency receptive fields typically are determined using extracellular recordings of spike discharge in response to pure tone stimuli. However, the narrow receptive fields thus derived may be misleading, and underestimate the spectral breadth of inputs ...
Calcium Regulation of Dendritic Growth via CaM Kinase IV and
... et al., 1997; Benes et al., 1977; Deitch and Rubel, 1984; Purves and Hume, 1981; Kalb, 1994). Much of our understanding of the relationship between neuronal activity and dendritic development has come from studies in the Xenopus retinotectal system where timelapse imaging has allowed detailed invest ...
... et al., 1997; Benes et al., 1977; Deitch and Rubel, 1984; Purves and Hume, 1981; Kalb, 1994). Much of our understanding of the relationship between neuronal activity and dendritic development has come from studies in the Xenopus retinotectal system where timelapse imaging has allowed detailed invest ...
Functionally Independent Columns of Rat Somatosensory Barrel
... wavelength (Omega Optical, Brattleboro, V T) and viewed with a Z eiss 10⫻ water immersion lens giving a field of view of 775 m. Quantitative optical recordings of changes in light transmission were made with the Deltaron HR1700 (Fuji, Tokyo, Japan), which consists of an array of 128 ⫻ 128 detectors ...
... wavelength (Omega Optical, Brattleboro, V T) and viewed with a Z eiss 10⫻ water immersion lens giving a field of view of 775 m. Quantitative optical recordings of changes in light transmission were made with the Deltaron HR1700 (Fuji, Tokyo, Japan), which consists of an array of 128 ⫻ 128 detectors ...
05-Intro-Vision-2
... = primary visual cortex = striate cortex (in contrast to higher, “extrastriate” areas). ...
... = primary visual cortex = striate cortex (in contrast to higher, “extrastriate” areas). ...
CURRICULUM VITAE - Test - University of South Florida
... modulation, cycle triggered histograms, cross correlograms, spike triggered average histograms, and the gravity method) and computer simulations of neural networks inferred from in vivo data. TEACHING: To paraphrase one of our greatest teachers, Isaac Asimov, the contribution I can make in research ...
... modulation, cycle triggered histograms, cross correlograms, spike triggered average histograms, and the gravity method) and computer simulations of neural networks inferred from in vivo data. TEACHING: To paraphrase one of our greatest teachers, Isaac Asimov, the contribution I can make in research ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... computations occurring in a given area for the complex neuronal network within which it is embedded can be explored, in monkeys, by observing the consequences on cognitive/behavioural function of removal or disconnection of the particular area or manipulations of its neurotransmitter activity. There ...
... computations occurring in a given area for the complex neuronal network within which it is embedded can be explored, in monkeys, by observing the consequences on cognitive/behavioural function of removal or disconnection of the particular area or manipulations of its neurotransmitter activity. There ...
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... a multitude of molecular changes that may result in learned behaviors. Mammalian systems may be difficult to work use to understand learned behaviors due to highly complex nervous systems; the human brain consists of one trillion neurons and highly complicated neuronal networks, making it difficult ...
... a multitude of molecular changes that may result in learned behaviors. Mammalian systems may be difficult to work use to understand learned behaviors due to highly complex nervous systems; the human brain consists of one trillion neurons and highly complicated neuronal networks, making it difficult ...
Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and
... anti-ubiquitin (A and D) and anti–TDP-43 (B and E) showed colocalization in round (C) and skeinlike UBIs in spinal cord motor neuron (F). Merge images are shown in (C) and (F). Immunostaining with anti–TDP-43 labeled Lewy body–like (G), round (H), and skeinlike inclusions (I) in motor neurons of the ...
... anti-ubiquitin (A and D) and anti–TDP-43 (B and E) showed colocalization in round (C) and skeinlike UBIs in spinal cord motor neuron (F). Merge images are shown in (C) and (F). Immunostaining with anti–TDP-43 labeled Lewy body–like (G), round (H), and skeinlike inclusions (I) in motor neurons of the ...
FREE Sample Here
... a. The terminal buttons release neurotransmitters. b. Terminal buttons store and release chemicals that carry neural messages to other nearby neurons. c. Terminal buttons are the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. d. Terminal buttons look like knobby swellings. e. The terminal buttons ...
... a. The terminal buttons release neurotransmitters. b. Terminal buttons store and release chemicals that carry neural messages to other nearby neurons. c. Terminal buttons are the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. d. Terminal buttons look like knobby swellings. e. The terminal buttons ...
NEURAL NETWORKS
... Consequently, a neural network, made up of an interconnection of neurons, is itself nonlinear. Moreover, the nonlinearity is of a special kind in the sense that it is distributed throughout the network. Nonlinearity is a highly important property, particularly if the underlying physical mechanism re ...
... Consequently, a neural network, made up of an interconnection of neurons, is itself nonlinear. Moreover, the nonlinearity is of a special kind in the sense that it is distributed throughout the network. Nonlinearity is a highly important property, particularly if the underlying physical mechanism re ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... The design of the task meant that sometimes the participants were expecting a low probability of a high reward of 30 pence and unexpectedly obtained a high reward value of 30 pence. On these trials, the TD prediction error from the EV part of the trial when the decision was being made and in the de ...
... The design of the task meant that sometimes the participants were expecting a low probability of a high reward of 30 pence and unexpectedly obtained a high reward value of 30 pence. On these trials, the TD prediction error from the EV part of the trial when the decision was being made and in the de ...
Ping-An Li, Ashfaq Shuaib, Hiro Miyashita, Qing
... Background and Purpose—An increase in serum glucose at the time of acute ischemia has been shown to adversely affect prognosis. The mechanisms for the hyperglycemia-exacerbated damage are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether hyperglycemia leads to enhanced accum ...
... Background and Purpose—An increase in serum glucose at the time of acute ischemia has been shown to adversely affect prognosis. The mechanisms for the hyperglycemia-exacerbated damage are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether hyperglycemia leads to enhanced accum ...
Csercsa Richárd
... the nervous system. According to our present knowledge, sleep is far too complex to be regarded as a passive state. There are indeed chemical substances that induce sleep such as sedatives or cytokines (e.g. TNF and IL-1) (Krueger et al., Nat Rev Neurosci, 2008), supporting the active hypothesis. On ...
... the nervous system. According to our present knowledge, sleep is far too complex to be regarded as a passive state. There are indeed chemical substances that induce sleep such as sedatives or cytokines (e.g. TNF and IL-1) (Krueger et al., Nat Rev Neurosci, 2008), supporting the active hypothesis. On ...
FREE Sample Here
... a) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse. Correct. Neurotransmitters are chemicals. b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system. c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane. Incorrect. The neurotransmi ...
... a) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse. Correct. Neurotransmitters are chemicals. b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system. c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane. Incorrect. The neurotransmi ...
Shared and distinct retinal input to the mouse superior colliculus and
... 2.5–2.7 mm below the pial surface. In nearly all cases we injected 50 –100 nl of virus or DiO/DiI/DiD along each injection tract. We regularly ejected reagents at three different depths along a tract (each injection site was separated by at least 50 m) to label RGC axons distributed throughout the ...
... 2.5–2.7 mm below the pial surface. In nearly all cases we injected 50 –100 nl of virus or DiO/DiI/DiD along each injection tract. We regularly ejected reagents at three different depths along a tract (each injection site was separated by at least 50 m) to label RGC axons distributed throughout the ...
Review International Journal of Integrative Biology Reticular
... material, anatomists have been able to identify more than 40 nuclei, although their borders are often poorly defined. However, as in many other parts of the brain, modern tracer methods and transmitter-specific techniques have revealed the existence of chemically specific cell groups and anatomic sy ...
... material, anatomists have been able to identify more than 40 nuclei, although their borders are often poorly defined. However, as in many other parts of the brain, modern tracer methods and transmitter-specific techniques have revealed the existence of chemically specific cell groups and anatomic sy ...
Neurochemical organization of chimpanzee inferior pulvinar complex
... Povinelli, 2000). These studies make it clear that although humans share many features of brain organization and function with apes and monkeys, there are important differences as well. Documenting the patterns of similarities and difference is essential for understanding how results derived from no ...
... Povinelli, 2000). These studies make it clear that although humans share many features of brain organization and function with apes and monkeys, there are important differences as well. Documenting the patterns of similarities and difference is essential for understanding how results derived from no ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... direction. Linear relations to movement amplitude were more common and accounted for more of the trial-to-trial variance in discharge rate than relations to either average velocity or movement duration. The relation to movement amplitude was consistent for two behavioral conditions when the change i ...
... direction. Linear relations to movement amplitude were more common and accounted for more of the trial-to-trial variance in discharge rate than relations to either average velocity or movement duration. The relation to movement amplitude was consistent for two behavioral conditions when the change i ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... Pipette electrodes (2.5–4.5 MV) contained ACSF (identical to recording chamber ACSF composition), with the addition of 200 mM bicuculline to evoke epileptiform activity and 10 mM sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), a fluorescent marker of neocortical astrocytes, to visualize the spread of the injection. Con ...
... Pipette electrodes (2.5–4.5 MV) contained ACSF (identical to recording chamber ACSF composition), with the addition of 200 mM bicuculline to evoke epileptiform activity and 10 mM sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), a fluorescent marker of neocortical astrocytes, to visualize the spread of the injection. Con ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
nervous tissue, 030717
... - Pyramidal cells in the motor cortex of the cerebral hemispheres— named for their pyramid-like shape. ...
... - Pyramidal cells in the motor cortex of the cerebral hemispheres— named for their pyramid-like shape. ...
A quantitative link between face discrimination deficits and neuronal
... However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies probing the neural bases of these behavioral differences have produced conflicting results: while some studies have reported reduced or no activity to faces in ASD in the Fusiform Face Area (FFA), a key region in human face processing, oth ...
... However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies probing the neural bases of these behavioral differences have produced conflicting results: while some studies have reported reduced or no activity to faces in ASD in the Fusiform Face Area (FFA), a key region in human face processing, oth ...
Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus
... The subjects were 15 cynomolgus monkeys (Macacafascicularis) weighing 2.5-7.5 kg at the time of surgery. The animals were tranquilized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mgkg), anesthetized with Nembutal (35 mgkg), and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Five monkeys received injections of horseradish p ...
... The subjects were 15 cynomolgus monkeys (Macacafascicularis) weighing 2.5-7.5 kg at the time of surgery. The animals were tranquilized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mgkg), anesthetized with Nembutal (35 mgkg), and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Five monkeys received injections of horseradish p ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.