One Computer Scientist`s (Deep) Superior Colliculus
... limits the practicability of such systems. But it is not only computer science and robotics which can profit from the study of natural organisms. Neurorobotics can also provide validation for neuroscientific theories by testing them in real, controlled, and highly observable sensorimotor settings. A ...
... limits the practicability of such systems. But it is not only computer science and robotics which can profit from the study of natural organisms. Neurorobotics can also provide validation for neuroscientific theories by testing them in real, controlled, and highly observable sensorimotor settings. A ...
Are there three subdivisions in the primate subthalamic nucleus? Max C. Keuken
... apparent pattern to reflect an underlying anatomical organization (p. 110)”; as another example, Karachi et al. (2004) mention: “In summary, the pallidosubthalamic projection appears to be topographically arranged, with the sensorimotor part of the STN occupying its dorsolateral half, and the limbic ...
... apparent pattern to reflect an underlying anatomical organization (p. 110)”; as another example, Karachi et al. (2004) mention: “In summary, the pallidosubthalamic projection appears to be topographically arranged, with the sensorimotor part of the STN occupying its dorsolateral half, and the limbic ...
... cellular protein, was subjected to an intracerebral inoculation with a BSE isolate. Neuropathological features where assessed and compared to NTs/NTRs immunolabelling. Furthermore, in this experiment, a wild type mouse line (Balb-C) was included as a control for a thorough -normal- mouse brain mappi ...
Sample
... a) dendrites, axon, soma, terminal buttons b) terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites c) axon, soma, dendrites, terminal buttons d) dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons ANS: d, p. 52-53, F/D, Difficulty=2 2-67. What are two of the roles of glial cells? a) occupying vacant space and removing waste ...
... a) dendrites, axon, soma, terminal buttons b) terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites c) axon, soma, dendrites, terminal buttons d) dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons ANS: d, p. 52-53, F/D, Difficulty=2 2-67. What are two of the roles of glial cells? a) occupying vacant space and removing waste ...
Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus
... increased in the 1980s when researchers began to suspect that gamma oscillations in sensory cortices offered a possible solution to the so-called “binding problem.” Complex stimuli are broken down during sensory processing, with spatially disparate cells coding different aspects of the stimuli (e.g. ...
... increased in the 1980s when researchers began to suspect that gamma oscillations in sensory cortices offered a possible solution to the so-called “binding problem.” Complex stimuli are broken down during sensory processing, with spatially disparate cells coding different aspects of the stimuli (e.g. ...
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... called “skilled” movements, have evolved to the highest levels in humans. In terms of evolutionary biology, motor skill refers to the “ability to solve a motor problem correctly, quickly, rationally and resourcefully” (Bernstein, 1996, cited in Wiesendanger, 1999). According to Wiesendanger (1999), ...
... called “skilled” movements, have evolved to the highest levels in humans. In terms of evolutionary biology, motor skill refers to the “ability to solve a motor problem correctly, quickly, rationally and resourcefully” (Bernstein, 1996, cited in Wiesendanger, 1999). According to Wiesendanger (1999), ...
- Northumbria Research Link
... Humans can only survive for a few minutes in the absence of oxygen (O2) and the brain’s susceptibility to hypoxia depicts the key factor determining this critical dependency (1). Cerebral oxygenation is reduced at rest in hypoxia and neuronal damage can occur in the face of a prolonged mismatch betw ...
... Humans can only survive for a few minutes in the absence of oxygen (O2) and the brain’s susceptibility to hypoxia depicts the key factor determining this critical dependency (1). Cerebral oxygenation is reduced at rest in hypoxia and neuronal damage can occur in the face of a prolonged mismatch betw ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... pleasure, how cognition and selective attention influence this value-related processing, and how decisions are taken between stimuli with different reward value. The approach taken here is to consider together, side-by-side, the primate neuronal recording and the human functional magnetic resonance i ...
... pleasure, how cognition and selective attention influence this value-related processing, and how decisions are taken between stimuli with different reward value. The approach taken here is to consider together, side-by-side, the primate neuronal recording and the human functional magnetic resonance i ...
facing page
... (However, it is noteworthy that adolescent and adult rats differ in sensitivity to the acute effect of some other addictive drugs and CNS depressants, which have other pharmacokinetic mechanisms than toluene). Another key factor could be the unique developmental profile of the adolescent brain. The ...
... (However, it is noteworthy that adolescent and adult rats differ in sensitivity to the acute effect of some other addictive drugs and CNS depressants, which have other pharmacokinetic mechanisms than toluene). Another key factor could be the unique developmental profile of the adolescent brain. The ...
Neocortical Very Fast Oscillations (Ripples, 80–200 Hz) During
... of anesthetics were administered at the slightest changes toward activated EEG patterns. The cats were ventilated artificially with the control of end-tidal CO2 at 3.5–3.7%. In some experiments (n ⫽ 8), the effect of halothane was tested by administration through the artificial ventilation at a conc ...
... of anesthetics were administered at the slightest changes toward activated EEG patterns. The cats were ventilated artificially with the control of end-tidal CO2 at 3.5–3.7%. In some experiments (n ⫽ 8), the effect of halothane was tested by administration through the artificial ventilation at a conc ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
... (PS) between two signals was calculated as described by Palva et al. (2005). First, the LFP signals were band-pass filtered (delta ⬃2 Hz, theta ⬃6 Hz, alpha ⬃12 Hz, beta ⬃20 Hz, and gamma ⬃60 Hz). Next, the filtered signals were transformed into a complex form using the Hilbert transform. Following ...
... (PS) between two signals was calculated as described by Palva et al. (2005). First, the LFP signals were band-pass filtered (delta ⬃2 Hz, theta ⬃6 Hz, alpha ⬃12 Hz, beta ⬃20 Hz, and gamma ⬃60 Hz). Next, the filtered signals were transformed into a complex form using the Hilbert transform. Following ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... The projections from lamina 3B/4A to 2/3A and to 5A are apparent with retrograde transport as well. Microinjections into lamina 2/3A lead to the scattered labeling of neurons in lamina 3B/4A (Fig. 6) a result that reinforces the observation, described above, that the spreading component of the 2/3A ...
... The projections from lamina 3B/4A to 2/3A and to 5A are apparent with retrograde transport as well. Microinjections into lamina 2/3A lead to the scattered labeling of neurons in lamina 3B/4A (Fig. 6) a result that reinforces the observation, described above, that the spreading component of the 2/3A ...
Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity
... synaptic puncta in RGC cultures (Pfrieger and Barres, 1997; Ullian et al., 2001), and that in situ, RGCs express GluR2 (J.S.D., unpublished observations). However, we had not yet examined their NMDA receptor protein expression. To determine whether NMDA receptor proteins were present, we examined ex ...
... synaptic puncta in RGC cultures (Pfrieger and Barres, 1997; Ullian et al., 2001), and that in situ, RGCs express GluR2 (J.S.D., unpublished observations). However, we had not yet examined their NMDA receptor protein expression. To determine whether NMDA receptor proteins were present, we examined ex ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... the neurotransmitter release sites (active zone) of the presynaptic terminals, whereas NCX is excluded from these sites and present in a more dispersed fashion on the rest of the neuron (Juhaszova et al., 2000; Blaustein et al., 2002). Therefore, the PMCA may help keep active zone Ca2+ very low, and ...
... the neurotransmitter release sites (active zone) of the presynaptic terminals, whereas NCX is excluded from these sites and present in a more dispersed fashion on the rest of the neuron (Juhaszova et al., 2000; Blaustein et al., 2002). Therefore, the PMCA may help keep active zone Ca2+ very low, and ...
Dissociating Hippocampal Subregions: A Double
... sample phase followed by a choice phase. During the sample phase, the animal was allowed to visit each of the eight arms once in a randomly predetermined order which varied each day. The sequence of eight arms was presented to the animal by sequentially opening each door (one at a time) to allow the ...
... sample phase followed by a choice phase. During the sample phase, the animal was allowed to visit each of the eight arms once in a randomly predetermined order which varied each day. The sequence of eight arms was presented to the animal by sequentially opening each door (one at a time) to allow the ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 15
... innervate the same visceral organs, but they cause opposite effects: One division stimulates some smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete; the other division inhibits that action. The sympathetic division mobilizes the body during extreme situations such as fear, exercise, or rage. The paras ...
... innervate the same visceral organs, but they cause opposite effects: One division stimulates some smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete; the other division inhibits that action. The sympathetic division mobilizes the body during extreme situations such as fear, exercise, or rage. The paras ...
Axon Initiation and Growth Cone Turning on Bound Protein Gradients Cellular/Molecular Junyu Mai,
... suitable for in vitro neuronal culture and analysis. After decades of research on gradient surfaces (Genzer and Bhat, 2008), some sophisticated methods have been developed. These systems (Baier and Bonhoeffer, 1992; Dertinger et al., 2002; Moore et al., 2006) mostly required sophisticated device fab ...
... suitable for in vitro neuronal culture and analysis. After decades of research on gradient surfaces (Genzer and Bhat, 2008), some sophisticated methods have been developed. These systems (Baier and Bonhoeffer, 1992; Dertinger et al., 2002; Moore et al., 2006) mostly required sophisticated device fab ...
NIH Public Access
... transition. A number of cyclosporine A analogues have been developed that are more potent against the permeability transition while being less active as immuno-suppressants and calcineurin inhibitors [48-51] and can therefore provide less ambiguous information on the permeability transition in intac ...
... transition. A number of cyclosporine A analogues have been developed that are more potent against the permeability transition while being less active as immuno-suppressants and calcineurin inhibitors [48-51] and can therefore provide less ambiguous information on the permeability transition in intac ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... found no significant differences between the average activation to front views and 3/4 views in face-selective areas in the fusiform cortex. Even more surprising is the finding that this area shows only a mild effect of difference in the average fMRI signal between inverted faces and upright faces (Ka ...
... found no significant differences between the average activation to front views and 3/4 views in face-selective areas in the fusiform cortex. Even more surprising is the finding that this area shows only a mild effect of difference in the average fMRI signal between inverted faces and upright faces (Ka ...
Sleep and Biological Rhythms - University of South Alabama
... _______% of this is in REM sleep. 5 year olds sleep about ___hours a day, and the total hours of REM sleep matched that of adults. 60 year olds sleep about __ hours a day. ...
... _______% of this is in REM sleep. 5 year olds sleep about ___hours a day, and the total hours of REM sleep matched that of adults. 60 year olds sleep about __ hours a day. ...
Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Behavior MULTIPLE CHOICE 1
... b. Charles’ cognitive function will deteriorate, but his personality should not dramatically change. c. Charles will have to take medication for many months, but it is possible to cure his disease. d. The course of Alzheimer’s is difficult to describe. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: 2.1 ...
... b. Charles’ cognitive function will deteriorate, but his personality should not dramatically change. c. Charles will have to take medication for many months, but it is possible to cure his disease. d. The course of Alzheimer’s is difficult to describe. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: 2.1 ...
18 "1: 1_ Sprouting (Abnormiall1 Actrvlty)
... disease), the electrodes are positioned in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord Within several dermatomal segments of the lesioned site. Direct stimulation of the dorsal horn should be effective to relieve pain arising from diseases and/or injury of the peripheral nervous system as Well, and thus repr ...
... disease), the electrodes are positioned in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord Within several dermatomal segments of the lesioned site. Direct stimulation of the dorsal horn should be effective to relieve pain arising from diseases and/or injury of the peripheral nervous system as Well, and thus repr ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... ciliogenesis or for PKD-2 entrance to cilia. However, PKD-2::GFP accumulates in the ciliary base and cilium in a klp-6 mutant. KLP-6 has been proposed to act as an anchor to tether PKD-2 between the ciliary membrane and microtubule axoneme or to act redundantly with the IFT machinery. TRPP1 and TRPP ...
... ciliogenesis or for PKD-2 entrance to cilia. However, PKD-2::GFP accumulates in the ciliary base and cilium in a klp-6 mutant. KLP-6 has been proposed to act as an anchor to tether PKD-2 between the ciliary membrane and microtubule axoneme or to act redundantly with the IFT machinery. TRPP1 and TRPP ...
- studijní a informační středisko vfu brno
... developing ovary. That turns the primordial germ cells into oogonia and pre-follicular cells into squamous follicular cells. Subsequently, oogonia continue to proliferate leaving interconnected to each other by cytoplasmic bridges. When oogonia have completed their cycles of mitosis (period of multi ...
... developing ovary. That turns the primordial germ cells into oogonia and pre-follicular cells into squamous follicular cells. Subsequently, oogonia continue to proliferate leaving interconnected to each other by cytoplasmic bridges. When oogonia have completed their cycles of mitosis (period of multi ...
Reward-Related Responses in the Human Striatum
... slightly surprising finding—in contrast with research in animals, which often highlights the role of the ventral striatum (chiefly the nucleus accumbens) in reward processes—raising a question about the role of the human dorsal striatum. Second, what exactly did dorsal striatum activation in this pa ...
... slightly surprising finding—in contrast with research in animals, which often highlights the role of the ventral striatum (chiefly the nucleus accumbens) in reward processes—raising a question about the role of the human dorsal striatum. Second, what exactly did dorsal striatum activation in this pa ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.