Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in contrast sensitivity for Ach, RG and BY stimuli, these have different visibilities, with RG the most visible and BY the least. Cone con ...
... the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in contrast sensitivity for Ach, RG and BY stimuli, these have different visibilities, with RG the most visible and BY the least. Cone con ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... i.m.) or isoflurane. When Telazol was used, a complementary analgesic (Torbugesic, 0.1– 0.4 mg/kg, i.m.) was given to reduce the amount of anesthetic. When anesthetized, each animal received atropine (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.), an antibiotic (Rocephin, 75 mg/kg, i.m.), dexamethasone, and IV fluids (10 –20 c ...
... i.m.) or isoflurane. When Telazol was used, a complementary analgesic (Torbugesic, 0.1– 0.4 mg/kg, i.m.) was given to reduce the amount of anesthetic. When anesthetized, each animal received atropine (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.), an antibiotic (Rocephin, 75 mg/kg, i.m.), dexamethasone, and IV fluids (10 –20 c ...
Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Flexible Categorization
... both category schemes A and B. Monkey L’s overall performance (mean ⫾ SD) was 87 ⫾ 19% correct which was slightly, but significantly ( p ⬍ 0.01), worse than monkey O who performed at 89 ⫾ 17% correct. Both monkeys correctly categorized images at ⬎80% correct even when the images were close to the bo ...
... both category schemes A and B. Monkey L’s overall performance (mean ⫾ SD) was 87 ⫾ 19% correct which was slightly, but significantly ( p ⬍ 0.01), worse than monkey O who performed at 89 ⫾ 17% correct. Both monkeys correctly categorized images at ⬎80% correct even when the images were close to the bo ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... Materials and Methods Electrophysiology. We performed intracellular recordings from axons of receptor neurons in the auditory nerve of adult Locusta migratoria. The tympanic hearing organ of these animals is located in the first abdominal segment above the coxa of the hindlegs. The somata of the rec ...
... Materials and Methods Electrophysiology. We performed intracellular recordings from axons of receptor neurons in the auditory nerve of adult Locusta migratoria. The tympanic hearing organ of these animals is located in the first abdominal segment above the coxa of the hindlegs. The somata of the rec ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... that tanycytes transcytose and deliver NGF to LoC neurons via synaptoid contacts. The LoC-associated tanycytes express both p75 and trkA receptors. The NGF extracted by tanycytes from the CSF has physiological effects on LoC neurons, as evidenced by significantly altered nuclear diameters in both ga ...
... that tanycytes transcytose and deliver NGF to LoC neurons via synaptoid contacts. The LoC-associated tanycytes express both p75 and trkA receptors. The NGF extracted by tanycytes from the CSF has physiological effects on LoC neurons, as evidenced by significantly altered nuclear diameters in both ga ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... Verghese 2001, Wolfe et al. 1989). Like any information-processing system, the visual cortex is limited in the quantity of information it can process at each moment in time. A typical visual scene contains a great deal more information than we can process in a single glimpse. Therefore, neural mecha ...
... Verghese 2001, Wolfe et al. 1989). Like any information-processing system, the visual cortex is limited in the quantity of information it can process at each moment in time. A typical visual scene contains a great deal more information than we can process in a single glimpse. Therefore, neural mecha ...
Kuzbanian Controls Proteolytic Processing of Notch
... during Bristle Development The notums of Drosophila adults carry two types of sensory bristles, macrochaetes and microchaetes. The sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs) that generate the macrochaetes are selected from pools of equivalent cells by lateral inhibition mostly during the third instar larv ...
... during Bristle Development The notums of Drosophila adults carry two types of sensory bristles, macrochaetes and microchaetes. The sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs) that generate the macrochaetes are selected from pools of equivalent cells by lateral inhibition mostly during the third instar larv ...
Presentation
... molars, and premolars—which you can see in Figure 32–4. Observe that the structure of carnivores’ teeth is different from that of herbivores’ teeth. Mammals’ teeth enable food to be processed efficiently. The more efficiently an animal can obtain and process its food, the more energy it can obtain. ...
... molars, and premolars—which you can see in Figure 32–4. Observe that the structure of carnivores’ teeth is different from that of herbivores’ teeth. Mammals’ teeth enable food to be processed efficiently. The more efficiently an animal can obtain and process its food, the more energy it can obtain. ...
The supramammillary area: its organization, functions
... cortex as well as hippocampus proper (Gray and McNaughton, 2000; Leung and Borst, 1987), show theta activity. This can be viewed as regular phasic firing controlled by pacemaker impulses relayed to the hippocampal formation from the MS (Brucke et al., 1959; Gogolák et al., 1968; Petsche et al., 196 ...
... cortex as well as hippocampus proper (Gray and McNaughton, 2000; Leung and Borst, 1987), show theta activity. This can be viewed as regular phasic firing controlled by pacemaker impulses relayed to the hippocampal formation from the MS (Brucke et al., 1959; Gogolák et al., 1968; Petsche et al., 196 ...
Increased Mesolimbic GABA Concentration Blocks Heroin Self
... (Pettit et al., 1984). Opiates, when systemically self-administered (Chang et al., 1997; Lee et al., 1999), or locally administered into the NAcc (Hakan and Henriksen, 1989), significantly inhibit the spontaneous firing of NAcc neurons. Because NAcc efferent projections are mostly GABAergic (Groenew ...
... (Pettit et al., 1984). Opiates, when systemically self-administered (Chang et al., 1997; Lee et al., 1999), or locally administered into the NAcc (Hakan and Henriksen, 1989), significantly inhibit the spontaneous firing of NAcc neurons. Because NAcc efferent projections are mostly GABAergic (Groenew ...
Neural representation of olfactory mixtures in the honeybee
... Introduction Most natural sensory stimuli occur in combination with other stimuli. Therefore, the question of whether animals perceive the elements of a stimulus compound (elemental processing, e.g. Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Rescorla, 1972, 1973) or treat a compound as an entity different from its el ...
... Introduction Most natural sensory stimuli occur in combination with other stimuli. Therefore, the question of whether animals perceive the elements of a stimulus compound (elemental processing, e.g. Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Rescorla, 1972, 1973) or treat a compound as an entity different from its el ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... Disease Research Program (Grant 10RT-0136 to J.B.), and University of California, Los Angeles Stein Oppenheimer Endowment Award (J.B.). We thank Tetyana Aleksenko for excellent technical support. *R. Salas and R. Sturm contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to Mariella ...
... Disease Research Program (Grant 10RT-0136 to J.B.), and University of California, Los Angeles Stein Oppenheimer Endowment Award (J.B.). We thank Tetyana Aleksenko for excellent technical support. *R. Salas and R. Sturm contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to Mariella ...
Cadherin Expression by Embryonic Divisions and
... et al., 2000; Yoon et al., 2000). In some cases, differential cadherin expression reflects an evolving functional differentiation within gray matter structures. Examples are the restricted expression of cadherins in subdivisions of the thalamic nucleus rotundus in the chicken (Redies et al., 2000) a ...
... et al., 2000; Yoon et al., 2000). In some cases, differential cadherin expression reflects an evolving functional differentiation within gray matter structures. Examples are the restricted expression of cadherins in subdivisions of the thalamic nucleus rotundus in the chicken (Redies et al., 2000) a ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... design of future physiological studies would benefit greatly from a better understanding of the anatomic details. What are needed are injections of tract tracers into the pons to show possible cortical and subcortical afferent sources that previously have not been apparent in “top–down”, cortico-cen ...
... design of future physiological studies would benefit greatly from a better understanding of the anatomic details. What are needed are injections of tract tracers into the pons to show possible cortical and subcortical afferent sources that previously have not been apparent in “top–down”, cortico-cen ...
ACTION POTENTIAL THRESHOLD OF HIPPOCAMPAL
... Understanding the mechanisms that lead to action potential initiation in single cells is a necessary step in determining the way neural networks process information. In particular, the precise mechanisms that underlie the initiation of action potentials are important factors for understanding whethe ...
... Understanding the mechanisms that lead to action potential initiation in single cells is a necessary step in determining the way neural networks process information. In particular, the precise mechanisms that underlie the initiation of action potentials are important factors for understanding whethe ...
191 Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology
... cells in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), it was not until the demonstration of de novo-generated cells (e.g., Schultze and Oehlert 1960) with tritiated (H3 )-thymidine was the potential of the adult CNS to replace some of its neurons confirmed. While at first mainly nonneuronal cells ...
... cells in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), it was not until the demonstration of de novo-generated cells (e.g., Schultze and Oehlert 1960) with tritiated (H3 )-thymidine was the potential of the adult CNS to replace some of its neurons confirmed. While at first mainly nonneuronal cells ...
ARTICLE Hierarchy of orofacial rhythms revealed through whisking and breathing
... The muscles involved in these patterned sensory behaviours overlap with those involved with the ingestive behaviours of chewing, swallowing and suckling. Notably, all of these behaviours share the motor plant involved in respiration and control of the upper airway. Given the essential nature of brea ...
... The muscles involved in these patterned sensory behaviours overlap with those involved with the ingestive behaviours of chewing, swallowing and suckling. Notably, all of these behaviours share the motor plant involved in respiration and control of the upper airway. Given the essential nature of brea ...
Chadha_umd_0117E_15128 - DRUM
... Addressing the question of airflow sensing by tactile hairs on bat wings requires some understanding of the aerodynamics of powered flight (especially in bats), as well as the anatomical and physiological properties of the underlying mechanosensors and sensorimotor circuits. Animal flight (bats, bir ...
... Addressing the question of airflow sensing by tactile hairs on bat wings requires some understanding of the aerodynamics of powered flight (especially in bats), as well as the anatomical and physiological properties of the underlying mechanosensors and sensorimotor circuits. Animal flight (bats, bir ...
Multiple Modes of Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in
... from the main dendritic trunk close to the bifurcation point because this larger compartment was more accessible and robust for patch recordings. The primary dendrite is typically described as unbranched; however, in about one-fifth (8/39) of the cells, a side branch was observed arising from the ma ...
... from the main dendritic trunk close to the bifurcation point because this larger compartment was more accessible and robust for patch recordings. The primary dendrite is typically described as unbranched; however, in about one-fifth (8/39) of the cells, a side branch was observed arising from the ma ...
CREB Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
... specific function was in the development of learning and memory. Seminal work done by Kandel and coworkers in the sea slug, Aplysia, found that primitive forms of motor neuron memory were dependent on CREB activity [27]. CREB mediates the development of memories by initiating transcription events re ...
... specific function was in the development of learning and memory. Seminal work done by Kandel and coworkers in the sea slug, Aplysia, found that primitive forms of motor neuron memory were dependent on CREB activity [27]. CREB mediates the development of memories by initiating transcription events re ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... mechanism were responsible. To investigate this question, Stryker and Harris (1986) blocked neural activity in the two eyes by repeated intraocular injections of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel ligand, tetrodotoxin (TTX), during the period in which ocular dominance columns normally develop. In ...
... mechanism were responsible. To investigate this question, Stryker and Harris (1986) blocked neural activity in the two eyes by repeated intraocular injections of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel ligand, tetrodotoxin (TTX), during the period in which ocular dominance columns normally develop. In ...
SLEEP
... and theta activity), heart rate and breathing variable, intermittent rapid movement of eyes, Higher frequency of dreaming than in NREM ...
... and theta activity), heart rate and breathing variable, intermittent rapid movement of eyes, Higher frequency of dreaming than in NREM ...
download file
... paired with a single tone results in an increased representation of the paired frequency in A1 (Kilgard and Merzenich 1998a). Therefore, similar to classical conditioning and operant conditioning protocols, NB–stimulation pairing leads to stimulus-specific plasticity in A1. The extent of NB–stimulat ...
... paired with a single tone results in an increased representation of the paired frequency in A1 (Kilgard and Merzenich 1998a). Therefore, similar to classical conditioning and operant conditioning protocols, NB–stimulation pairing leads to stimulus-specific plasticity in A1. The extent of NB–stimulat ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... between the lumbar vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, was introduced in 1891 by Heinrich Quinke. ...
... between the lumbar vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, was introduced in 1891 by Heinrich Quinke. ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... specific deficits in learning tasks that require these functions (for review, see Gross, 1973; Dean, 1976). Cells in TE respond selectively to particular features of complex objects (for review, see Tanaka, 1996), and cells with similar selectivities are clustered in local columnar regions in TE (Fu ...
... specific deficits in learning tasks that require these functions (for review, see Gross, 1973; Dean, 1976). Cells in TE respond selectively to particular features of complex objects (for review, see Tanaka, 1996), and cells with similar selectivities are clustered in local columnar regions in TE (Fu ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.