Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... Each monkey underwent two surgeries as described previously (Corneil et al. 2001). Briefly, the first surgery prepared the monkey for chronic recording of gaze position and extracellular recording and microstimulation within the SC (Munoz and Istvan 1998). A cylinder was positioned over a craniotomy ...
... Each monkey underwent two surgeries as described previously (Corneil et al. 2001). Briefly, the first surgery prepared the monkey for chronic recording of gaze position and extracellular recording and microstimulation within the SC (Munoz and Istvan 1998). A cylinder was positioned over a craniotomy ...
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... E xperiments were conducted in three types of preparations. The first type of preparation simply consisted of the isolated buccal and cerebral ganglia. This type of preparation was used in experiments in which single cycles of ingestive motor programs were elicited by stimulation of the command-like ...
... E xperiments were conducted in three types of preparations. The first type of preparation simply consisted of the isolated buccal and cerebral ganglia. This type of preparation was used in experiments in which single cycles of ingestive motor programs were elicited by stimulation of the command-like ...
Cliff - USD Biology
... Tonic change to DA levels Covering a broad population of NAC neurons Modulate incoming presynaptic signals Therefore modulate the actions of D1, D2, and D3 receptors ...
... Tonic change to DA levels Covering a broad population of NAC neurons Modulate incoming presynaptic signals Therefore modulate the actions of D1, D2, and D3 receptors ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... 1991b) studied and compared different theories of hippocampal function in classical conditioning. Because these computational models are real-time models, their output can be compared to behavior as it unfolds in real time, and the dynamics of their intervening variables can be contrasted with neura ...
... 1991b) studied and compared different theories of hippocampal function in classical conditioning. Because these computational models are real-time models, their output can be compared to behavior as it unfolds in real time, and the dynamics of their intervening variables can be contrasted with neura ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... major findings on which the AMYG model is based are summarized here, conveniently taken from Blair et al. (2003). They are numbered, for ease of later reference. 1. First, lesions or pharmacological inactivation of LA prevents the acquisition and expression of fear responses to an auditory CS, demons ...
... major findings on which the AMYG model is based are summarized here, conveniently taken from Blair et al. (2003). They are numbered, for ease of later reference. 1. First, lesions or pharmacological inactivation of LA prevents the acquisition and expression of fear responses to an auditory CS, demons ...
11. Control of breathing
... brain, most of them based on special neural networks. In the bi-stable oscillator model, it is presumed that discharges of impulses develop alternately in groups of inspiratory and expiratory neurones, grouped in auto-exciting chains and mutually inhibiting each other (Robson, 1957). The model of in ...
... brain, most of them based on special neural networks. In the bi-stable oscillator model, it is presumed that discharges of impulses develop alternately in groups of inspiratory and expiratory neurones, grouped in auto-exciting chains and mutually inhibiting each other (Robson, 1957). The model of in ...
cortical limbic system: a computational model. PhD thesis. htt
... gossip (Bob the builder). To all my friends and the staff at Glasgow University. I would like to thank Craig Stevenson who always loved and cared for me when all I could think of was science. To Craig’s family for making me feel at home especially when I missed home. To my family, for all your suppo ...
... gossip (Bob the builder). To all my friends and the staff at Glasgow University. I would like to thank Craig Stevenson who always loved and cared for me when all I could think of was science. To Craig’s family for making me feel at home especially when I missed home. To my family, for all your suppo ...
Chemical cues and pheromones in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon
... common among vertebrates, along with several characteristics that are unique. Most organisms, including lamprey, possess similar adaptations for detecting and processing olfactory stimuli [43]. For example, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of olfaction appear to be generally shared among verteb ...
... common among vertebrates, along with several characteristics that are unique. Most organisms, including lamprey, possess similar adaptations for detecting and processing olfactory stimuli [43]. For example, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of olfaction appear to be generally shared among verteb ...
Descending motor pathways and the spinal
... Descenderende motorische baansystemen en het spinale motorische systeem. ...
... Descenderende motorische baansystemen en het spinale motorische systeem. ...
Bipolar Cell
... circle. In the dark, photoreceptors constantly release their neurotransmitter. • When light strikes molecules of the photopigment, the hyperpolarization that ensues reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the photoreceptor. • Because the neurotransmitter normally hyperpolarizes the dendri ...
... circle. In the dark, photoreceptors constantly release their neurotransmitter. • When light strikes molecules of the photopigment, the hyperpolarization that ensues reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the photoreceptor. • Because the neurotransmitter normally hyperpolarizes the dendri ...
Binary neurons and networks
... the network dynamics will evolve to the closest fixed point. Different initial conditions can lead to the same fixed point. ...
... the network dynamics will evolve to the closest fixed point. Different initial conditions can lead to the same fixed point. ...
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain - Wurtman Lab
... These enzymes are characterized by having a substrate Km that is appreciably higher than the concentrations of their amino acid substrates in systemic blood, but lower than the concentrations that may be present postprandially in portal venous blood. This kinetic property allows the enzymes to metab ...
... These enzymes are characterized by having a substrate Km that is appreciably higher than the concentrations of their amino acid substrates in systemic blood, but lower than the concentrations that may be present postprandially in portal venous blood. This kinetic property allows the enzymes to metab ...
PDF
... In this experiment the concentration of NGF was, inadvertently, somewhat lower than in the experiments on sensory ganglia and produced a mean score of 2-5 under standard conditions. Analysis of variance showed that the interaction between groups and treatments was, under these conditions, not signif ...
... In this experiment the concentration of NGF was, inadvertently, somewhat lower than in the experiments on sensory ganglia and produced a mean score of 2-5 under standard conditions. Analysis of variance showed that the interaction between groups and treatments was, under these conditions, not signif ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... model, both the orientation specificity and the organization of receptive fields are determined by the geometry of cortical columns. The model is based on the experimental results by Hubel and Wiesel (1974) and postulates that orientations are organized in “hypercolumns,” each hypercolumn containing ...
... model, both the orientation specificity and the organization of receptive fields are determined by the geometry of cortical columns. The model is based on the experimental results by Hubel and Wiesel (1974) and postulates that orientations are organized in “hypercolumns,” each hypercolumn containing ...
Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical
... In summary, we find that REM sleep plays an important role in enhancing experience-dependent plasticity in the developing cerebral cortex of cats. These findings support a long-standing hypothesis that REM sleep in early life promotes circuit formation (2). Our findings suggest that REM sleep achiev ...
... In summary, we find that REM sleep plays an important role in enhancing experience-dependent plasticity in the developing cerebral cortex of cats. These findings support a long-standing hypothesis that REM sleep in early life promotes circuit formation (2). Our findings suggest that REM sleep achiev ...
Leptin: A metabolic signal affecting central regulation of
... The discovery of the obesity gene and its product, leptin, it is now possible to examine the relationship between body fat and the neuroendocrine axis. A minimum percentage of body fat may be linked to onset of puberty and weaning-to-estrus interval in the pig. Adipose tissue is no longer considered ...
... The discovery of the obesity gene and its product, leptin, it is now possible to examine the relationship between body fat and the neuroendocrine axis. A minimum percentage of body fat may be linked to onset of puberty and weaning-to-estrus interval in the pig. Adipose tissue is no longer considered ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. In every study where it has been investigated, neurons measured in the same brain area under identical conditions exhibit a range of normalization, ranging from suppression by nonpreferred stimuli (strong normalization) to additive responses to combinations o ...
... sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. In every study where it has been investigated, neurons measured in the same brain area under identical conditions exhibit a range of normalization, ranging from suppression by nonpreferred stimuli (strong normalization) to additive responses to combinations o ...
Central projections of the glossopharyngeal and
... transmit either exteroceptive- or interocsptive-visceral information from the external and internal milieus, respectively (Fig. lb). Such a functional-anatomical classification is found to be more useful for an analysis of the neural organization in this region than purely physiological (taste vs. t ...
... transmit either exteroceptive- or interocsptive-visceral information from the external and internal milieus, respectively (Fig. lb). Such a functional-anatomical classification is found to be more useful for an analysis of the neural organization in this region than purely physiological (taste vs. t ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... Ages in days after conception are presented in the first column. Embryonic (E) and postnatal (P) ages (after birth) in days are presented in the second column. mative data on the time course of synaptic development in the visual cortex during the entire pre- and postnatal periods in the rhesus monke ...
... Ages in days after conception are presented in the first column. Embryonic (E) and postnatal (P) ages (after birth) in days are presented in the second column. mative data on the time course of synaptic development in the visual cortex during the entire pre- and postnatal periods in the rhesus monke ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... which are anatomically and functionally distinct. Here we addressed the still unanswered question of whether cortical pathways that terminate in different layers are distinct at the synaptic level. We addressed this issue using as a model system the robust and functionally significant pathways from ...
... which are anatomically and functionally distinct. Here we addressed the still unanswered question of whether cortical pathways that terminate in different layers are distinct at the synaptic level. We addressed this issue using as a model system the robust and functionally significant pathways from ...
Quantitative analysis of APP axonal transport in neurons: role of
... been independently identified as a kinesin light chain (KLC)–binding protein (Verhey et al., 2001; Inomata et al., 2003; Matsuda et al., 2003). Recently JIP1 was found to also associate with kinesin heavy chain (KHC; Fu and Holzbaur, 2013). APP is transported anterogradely by the conventional kinesi ...
... been independently identified as a kinesin light chain (KLC)–binding protein (Verhey et al., 2001; Inomata et al., 2003; Matsuda et al., 2003). Recently JIP1 was found to also associate with kinesin heavy chain (KHC; Fu and Holzbaur, 2013). APP is transported anterogradely by the conventional kinesi ...
Fein A (2012) Nociceptors and the Perception of Pain.
... stimuli there is a biphasic subjective response: a short-latency pricking pain is followed by a second long latency pain of a burning and less bearable quality. However, the evidence for two successive painful sensations is much less compelling than it is for two distinct painful sensations. In the ...
... stimuli there is a biphasic subjective response: a short-latency pricking pain is followed by a second long latency pain of a burning and less bearable quality. However, the evidence for two successive painful sensations is much less compelling than it is for two distinct painful sensations. In the ...
elsevier second proof - Michigan State University
... subunits that are expressed in few other tissues; when stimulated, the G-protein activates type III adenylyl cyclase (Nakamura, 2000; Ronnett and Moon, 2002). The details of olfactory transduction are well understood for only a small number of vertebrate species, and involve myriad mechanisms (Fires ...
... subunits that are expressed in few other tissues; when stimulated, the G-protein activates type III adenylyl cyclase (Nakamura, 2000; Ronnett and Moon, 2002). The details of olfactory transduction are well understood for only a small number of vertebrate species, and involve myriad mechanisms (Fires ...
Seven principles in the regulation of adult neurogenesis
... important roles in many regulatory events. This is not to say that interfering with such factors would generally not have any phenotype in embryonic brain development (they indeed have), but the more remote the mediators are from the transcriptional level and the more their own regulation depends on ...
... important roles in many regulatory events. This is not to say that interfering with such factors would generally not have any phenotype in embryonic brain development (they indeed have), but the more remote the mediators are from the transcriptional level and the more their own regulation depends on ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.