Rewarding properties of sildenafil citrate in mice
... rewarding properties of sildenafil. Conditioned place preference (CPP) has been widely used to assess the rewarding effect of various drug and nondrug treatments. The test is based upon the principle that when a primary reinforcer is paired with a contextual stimulus, the contextual stimulus can acq ...
... rewarding properties of sildenafil. Conditioned place preference (CPP) has been widely used to assess the rewarding effect of various drug and nondrug treatments. The test is based upon the principle that when a primary reinforcer is paired with a contextual stimulus, the contextual stimulus can acq ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... tion and estimation of the cortical layer. Neurons were recorded both on the operculum and in the calcarine sulcus [typical receptive field (RF) eccentricities were 1– 6 and 8 –20°, respectively]. At the end of experiments, animals were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde in saline. Cortical sections ...
... tion and estimation of the cortical layer. Neurons were recorded both on the operculum and in the calcarine sulcus [typical receptive field (RF) eccentricities were 1– 6 and 8 –20°, respectively]. At the end of experiments, animals were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde in saline. Cortical sections ...
response inhibition is differentially related to instrumental and
... The Netherlands, the annual costs of intimate partner violence alone is already estimated around 142.2 million US dollars (World Health Organization, 2004). This burden is larger at the extremities of violent behavior such as aggressive disorders. For example, the overall prevalence of psychopathic ...
... The Netherlands, the annual costs of intimate partner violence alone is already estimated around 142.2 million US dollars (World Health Organization, 2004). This burden is larger at the extremities of violent behavior such as aggressive disorders. For example, the overall prevalence of psychopathic ...
Insula function in anorexia nervosa
... Functional connectivity of the insula This chapter will deal with the insula, especially the connectivity of the insula with other brain regions. The insula is involved in a broad spectrum of brain functions, but it is also thought to be the center of psychiatric disorders as anorexia nervosa8, 9. ...
... Functional connectivity of the insula This chapter will deal with the insula, especially the connectivity of the insula with other brain regions. The insula is involved in a broad spectrum of brain functions, but it is also thought to be the center of psychiatric disorders as anorexia nervosa8, 9. ...
INVESTIGATING THE SOPHISTICATION OF LONG-LATENCY UPPER LIMB
... A recent theory of motor control, based on optimal feedback control, posits that voluntary motor behaviour involves the sophisticated manipulation of sensory feedback. Although this theory can explain how people move in the world, it does not specifically describe how this control process is impleme ...
... A recent theory of motor control, based on optimal feedback control, posits that voluntary motor behaviour involves the sophisticated manipulation of sensory feedback. Although this theory can explain how people move in the world, it does not specifically describe how this control process is impleme ...
Bridging Areas of Injury in the Spinal Cord
... cases there is a modest but statistically significant improvement in behavioral scores when human SCgrafted animals are compared with animals transplanted with similar cables but capped at the distal end to prevent outgrowth into the distal spinal cord (Guest and others 1997); also, during the open ...
... cases there is a modest but statistically significant improvement in behavioral scores when human SCgrafted animals are compared with animals transplanted with similar cables but capped at the distal end to prevent outgrowth into the distal spinal cord (Guest and others 1997); also, during the open ...
Physiology of the Mammalian Circadian System
... SCN cell culture,6 simultaneous recording of multiple single units using multielectrode plates,7-10 and optical monitoring of calcium flux11 or gene expression12 in individual SCN neurons, have now provided compelling evidence that circadian oscillation is indeed a cell-autonomous process, expressed ...
... SCN cell culture,6 simultaneous recording of multiple single units using multielectrode plates,7-10 and optical monitoring of calcium flux11 or gene expression12 in individual SCN neurons, have now provided compelling evidence that circadian oscillation is indeed a cell-autonomous process, expressed ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... nucleus and its two parts because they have not been defined precisely or consistently by earlier workers, and different nomenclatures have been used. The BMA, as defined here, is present throughout most of the rostrocaudal length of the amygdala. The two parts we recognize in the rat, the BMAa and ...
... nucleus and its two parts because they have not been defined precisely or consistently by earlier workers, and different nomenclatures have been used. The BMA, as defined here, is present throughout most of the rostrocaudal length of the amygdala. The two parts we recognize in the rat, the BMAa and ...
Autism-Associated Insertion Mutation (InsG) ofShank3 Exon 21
... at the synapse. Shank3G/G mice exhibit deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning, impaired motor coordination, altered response to novelty, and sensory processing deficits. At the cellular level, Shank3G/G mice also exhibit impaired hippocampal excitatory transmission and plasticity as well ...
... at the synapse. Shank3G/G mice exhibit deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning, impaired motor coordination, altered response to novelty, and sensory processing deficits. At the cellular level, Shank3G/G mice also exhibit impaired hippocampal excitatory transmission and plasticity as well ...
Section Summary
... each breath causes the loss of a small amount of water. • In addition, our skin is not completely waterproof; some water finds its way through the layers of the skin and evaporates from the surface. • The moisture that is lost through evaporation is, of course, pure distilled water. (The body loses ...
... each breath causes the loss of a small amount of water. • In addition, our skin is not completely waterproof; some water finds its way through the layers of the skin and evaporates from the surface. • The moisture that is lost through evaporation is, of course, pure distilled water. (The body loses ...
Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Primate Mesencephalic
... for the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) in oculomotor control: 1) saccade triggering, 2) computation of the horizontal component of saccade amplitude (a feed-forward function), and 3) feedback of an eye velocity signal from the paramedian zone of the pontine reticular formation (PPRF) to hig ...
... for the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) in oculomotor control: 1) saccade triggering, 2) computation of the horizontal component of saccade amplitude (a feed-forward function), and 3) feedback of an eye velocity signal from the paramedian zone of the pontine reticular formation (PPRF) to hig ...
1 - Test Bank
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
REGENERATION OF AN IDENTIFIED CENTRAL NEURON IN THE
... duced beneath. With this procedure no nerves or trachnerves entering or leaving the terminal ganglion, such as eoles entering the ganglion were cut. For intracellular the cereal nerve or the central connectives. Within a few recordings from the MGI soma located on the lateral days post-axotomy, many ...
... duced beneath. With this procedure no nerves or trachnerves entering or leaving the terminal ganglion, such as eoles entering the ganglion were cut. For intracellular the cereal nerve or the central connectives. Within a few recordings from the MGI soma located on the lateral days post-axotomy, many ...
“left or right” Decision-making beyond
... unlike nonhuman primates, may have evolved a more abstract decisionmaking circuitry, allowing for higher flexibility between decision and action (Heekeren et al., 2008). Nevertheless, decision-related neural activity recorded in monkeys has been remarkably consistent with neuroimaging studies in hum ...
... unlike nonhuman primates, may have evolved a more abstract decisionmaking circuitry, allowing for higher flexibility between decision and action (Heekeren et al., 2008). Nevertheless, decision-related neural activity recorded in monkeys has been remarkably consistent with neuroimaging studies in hum ...
Test #2
... that the attending General Practitioner has diagnosed the individual as having a lesion in the corpus callosum. In order to confirm or reject this diagnosis you walk into the examining room and give the patient a verbal command to pick up a pencil that is on the desk with his left hand. The patient ...
... that the attending General Practitioner has diagnosed the individual as having a lesion in the corpus callosum. In order to confirm or reject this diagnosis you walk into the examining room and give the patient a verbal command to pick up a pencil that is on the desk with his left hand. The patient ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... mutant, arisen by a sister × brother mating of phenotypically normal Snell’s dwarf (DW/J strain) mice (Yoshida et al. 1994). This mouse carries a recessive missense mutant allele on chromosome 5 (Agui et al. 1997) that encodes a gene for tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 (Tpst2) (Sasaki et al. 2007) ...
... mutant, arisen by a sister × brother mating of phenotypically normal Snell’s dwarf (DW/J strain) mice (Yoshida et al. 1994). This mouse carries a recessive missense mutant allele on chromosome 5 (Agui et al. 1997) that encodes a gene for tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 (Tpst2) (Sasaki et al. 2007) ...
First-in-first-out item replacement in a model of
... and retrieval that alternate in each cycle of a theta rhythm in the recurrent networks that receive spike input from that buffer (Koene et al., 2003; Koene and Hasselmo, 2005). By contrast, Jensen et al. (1996) relied on temporally separated periods of at least several seconds that are devoted exclu ...
... and retrieval that alternate in each cycle of a theta rhythm in the recurrent networks that receive spike input from that buffer (Koene et al., 2003; Koene and Hasselmo, 2005). By contrast, Jensen et al. (1996) relied on temporally separated periods of at least several seconds that are devoted exclu ...
PDF
... motor neurons, which reside in the ventral hindbrain and project axons dorsally, away from the floor plate. However, although Ntn1 repels trochlear axons from hindbrain explants in vitro and loss of the Ntn1 receptor Unc5c causes guidance defects in the trochlear nerve in vivo, no defects in the tro ...
... motor neurons, which reside in the ventral hindbrain and project axons dorsally, away from the floor plate. However, although Ntn1 repels trochlear axons from hindbrain explants in vitro and loss of the Ntn1 receptor Unc5c causes guidance defects in the trochlear nerve in vivo, no defects in the tro ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... currents that produce a rebound burst of action potentials. These bursts percolate within local thalamoreticular circuits and produce oscillatory firing at around 12–15 Hz. Thalamic spindle sequences reach back to the cortex and are globally synchronized by corticothalamic circuits, where they appea ...
... currents that produce a rebound burst of action potentials. These bursts percolate within local thalamoreticular circuits and produce oscillatory firing at around 12–15 Hz. Thalamic spindle sequences reach back to the cortex and are globally synchronized by corticothalamic circuits, where they appea ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... Since the beginning of EEG recordings, different kinds of oscillations were observed in the brain electric activity. Among them special attention was paid to ”waxing and waning ” wave of frequency around 13 Hz. The first commonly accepted definition of that structure — sleep spindle — was given by R ...
... Since the beginning of EEG recordings, different kinds of oscillations were observed in the brain electric activity. Among them special attention was paid to ”waxing and waning ” wave of frequency around 13 Hz. The first commonly accepted definition of that structure — sleep spindle — was given by R ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... These hairs can detect wind or sound over a range of frequencies (Bentley 1975; Nicklaus 1965; Orida and Josephson 1978; Plummer and Camhi 1981; Shimozawa and Kanou 1984). Large depolarizations occur in the central terminals of these wind-sensitive hairs in the locust when a sensory neuron, thought ...
... These hairs can detect wind or sound over a range of frequencies (Bentley 1975; Nicklaus 1965; Orida and Josephson 1978; Plummer and Camhi 1981; Shimozawa and Kanou 1984). Large depolarizations occur in the central terminals of these wind-sensitive hairs in the locust when a sensory neuron, thought ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localiza ...
... in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localiza ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.