Glia cells, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer`s disease
... Schwann cells are the PNS counterpart of oligodendrocytes and myelinate the axons of peripheral neurons to increase conduction speed and to provide physical support. One Schwann cell can myelinate only a single segment of one axon in contrary to the oligodendrocytes. They are responsible for the mai ...
... Schwann cells are the PNS counterpart of oligodendrocytes and myelinate the axons of peripheral neurons to increase conduction speed and to provide physical support. One Schwann cell can myelinate only a single segment of one axon in contrary to the oligodendrocytes. They are responsible for the mai ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... paraolivary complex are not candidates for providing offset-evoked excitatory input to the inferior colliculus (IC) but may still contribute to duration tuning by suppressing excitatory offset responses at some durations (Kadner et al., 2006). Another possible source of offset-evoked excitation come ...
... paraolivary complex are not candidates for providing offset-evoked excitatory input to the inferior colliculus (IC) but may still contribute to duration tuning by suppressing excitatory offset responses at some durations (Kadner et al., 2006). Another possible source of offset-evoked excitation come ...
response preparation and inhibition: the role of the
... NO-GO decision, movement execution proceeds unimpeded in the GO condition, whereas the motor system is restored back to its prestimulus state by the prefrontal NO-GO signal in the NO-GO condition. Thus far, however, empirical data directly supporting this scenario have been lacking. Single unit evid ...
... NO-GO decision, movement execution proceeds unimpeded in the GO condition, whereas the motor system is restored back to its prestimulus state by the prefrontal NO-GO signal in the NO-GO condition. Thus far, however, empirical data directly supporting this scenario have been lacking. Single unit evid ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... to improper positioning of the electrode within the CA1 pyramidal cell layer or misclassification of the unit identity because even well-isolated pyramidal cells, recorded simultaneously by the same probe and referenced to LFP from the same recording site, often showed different theta phase preferen ...
... to improper positioning of the electrode within the CA1 pyramidal cell layer or misclassification of the unit identity because even well-isolated pyramidal cells, recorded simultaneously by the same probe and referenced to LFP from the same recording site, often showed different theta phase preferen ...
Region-specific requirement for cholesterol
... ectopic ventral cell fates in the dorsal telencephalon (Kohtz et al., 2001), suggesting that palmitoylation is required for Hh activity. Indeed, mice deficient in an enzyme that catalyzes palmitoylation, or carrying a variant of Shh that is incapable of being palmitoylated, showed developmental defe ...
... ectopic ventral cell fates in the dorsal telencephalon (Kohtz et al., 2001), suggesting that palmitoylation is required for Hh activity. Indeed, mice deficient in an enzyme that catalyzes palmitoylation, or carrying a variant of Shh that is incapable of being palmitoylated, showed developmental defe ...
Red calcium indicator
... and neurons show an attenuated response at ~520 nm, with little to no response to calcium changes. In contrast, calcium changes produce a strong response at 650 nm. In our hands, as can be noted from the variance in the lots 908a and 910a, we have not yet achieved consistent results for the 517 nm p ...
... and neurons show an attenuated response at ~520 nm, with little to no response to calcium changes. In contrast, calcium changes produce a strong response at 650 nm. In our hands, as can be noted from the variance in the lots 908a and 910a, we have not yet achieved consistent results for the 517 nm p ...
How PACAP CeA Infusion Alters Mechanical and Thermal Sensitivity
... life, 77% felt depressed, 70% had trouble concentrating, 74% said their energy level was ...
... life, 77% felt depressed, 70% had trouble concentrating, 74% said their energy level was ...
Noise and Coupling Affect Signal Detection and Bursting in a
... demonstrating the presence or utility of AESR or CR in physiological neural systems is lacking. Although several different mathematical neural models have been used to investigate AESR and CR, even simultaneously (Lindner and Schimansky-Geier 1999, 2000), there has been little correlation of the eff ...
... demonstrating the presence or utility of AESR or CR in physiological neural systems is lacking. Although several different mathematical neural models have been used to investigate AESR and CR, even simultaneously (Lindner and Schimansky-Geier 1999, 2000), there has been little correlation of the eff ...
Words in the brain`s language
... are frequently active at the same time. The cortical distributions of these assemblies must be a consequence of where in the cortex correlated neuronal activity occurred during learning. An assembly can be considered a functional unit exhibiting activity states such as full activation (“ignition”) a ...
... are frequently active at the same time. The cortical distributions of these assemblies must be a consequence of where in the cortex correlated neuronal activity occurred during learning. An assembly can be considered a functional unit exhibiting activity states such as full activation (“ignition”) a ...
DCN principal cells respond to spectral edges, which requires additional inhibitory effects in DCN
... given sound level were presented with the same pass-band spectrum level; hereafter, for notch noise or noise band stimuli, the notation “dB” in the text will represent the spectrum level of the pass band in decibels relative to 20 Pa/(Hz) 1/2. The stimuli were presented once per second, sequentially ...
... given sound level were presented with the same pass-band spectrum level; hereafter, for notch noise or noise band stimuli, the notation “dB” in the text will represent the spectrum level of the pass band in decibels relative to 20 Pa/(Hz) 1/2. The stimuli were presented once per second, sequentially ...
Pacemaker Potentials for the Periodic Burst Discharge in the Heart
... ABSTRACT From somata of the pacemaker neurons in the Squilla heart ganglion, pacemaker potentials for the spontaneous periodic burst discharge are recorded with intracellular electrodes. The electrical activity is composed of slow potentials and superimposed spikes, and is divided into four types, w ...
... ABSTRACT From somata of the pacemaker neurons in the Squilla heart ganglion, pacemaker potentials for the spontaneous periodic burst discharge are recorded with intracellular electrodes. The electrical activity is composed of slow potentials and superimposed spikes, and is divided into four types, w ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... Studies on neocortical LTP have proven to be more complex than those of hippocampal LTP. Unlike the hippocampus, cell types and afferent pathways are not well segregated or well classified. This makes it more difficult to interpret extracellular field recordings, to reliably record from the same cel ...
... Studies on neocortical LTP have proven to be more complex than those of hippocampal LTP. Unlike the hippocampus, cell types and afferent pathways are not well segregated or well classified. This makes it more difficult to interpret extracellular field recordings, to reliably record from the same cel ...
B-Lymphocyte-Mediated Delayed Cognitive Impairment following
... stroke are at increased risk of developing dementia, and approximately one-third will eventually suffer from vascular dementia (Barba et al., 2000; Leys et al., 2005; Béjot et al., 2011). In many of these patients, dementia might be caused by an associated comorbidity, but even after controlling fo ...
... stroke are at increased risk of developing dementia, and approximately one-third will eventually suffer from vascular dementia (Barba et al., 2000; Leys et al., 2005; Béjot et al., 2011). In many of these patients, dementia might be caused by an associated comorbidity, but even after controlling fo ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... The “substantia nigra” or “black substance” derives its name from the strong black/brown pigmentation that accumulates in the cytoplasm of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the S ...
... The “substantia nigra” or “black substance” derives its name from the strong black/brown pigmentation that accumulates in the cytoplasm of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the S ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
... responses of LIP neurons reflected substantial temporal integration. Brief pulses had persistent effects on both the monkeys’ choices and the responses of neurons in LIP, lasting up to 800 ms after appearance. These results demonstrate that LIP is involved in neural time integration underlying the a ...
... responses of LIP neurons reflected substantial temporal integration. Brief pulses had persistent effects on both the monkeys’ choices and the responses of neurons in LIP, lasting up to 800 ms after appearance. These results demonstrate that LIP is involved in neural time integration underlying the a ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
Overo Lethal White Foal Syndrome
... The coat color of paint horses may be a combination of white and any color appearing on horses. Coat markings vary in size and shape and can be located anywhere on a horse’s body. The American Paint Horse Association recognizes two distinct types of white coat pattern: overo and tobiano1 (A). The te ...
... The coat color of paint horses may be a combination of white and any color appearing on horses. Coat markings vary in size and shape and can be located anywhere on a horse’s body. The American Paint Horse Association recognizes two distinct types of white coat pattern: overo and tobiano1 (A). The te ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interest to make it “stand out” from the others on an X-ray photograph Pinel's Biopsychology, 5th Ed. ...
... overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interest to make it “stand out” from the others on an X-ray photograph Pinel's Biopsychology, 5th Ed. ...
Expression of the BDNF gene in the developing
... using PCR preceded by reverse transcription of the mRNA and of a standard identical with the endogenous mRNA in the sequence to be amplified with the exception of a mutated base, according to the method of Becker-André and Hahlbrock, 1989 (see also Fig. 1). The recovery standard was prepared accordi ...
... using PCR preceded by reverse transcription of the mRNA and of a standard identical with the endogenous mRNA in the sequence to be amplified with the exception of a mutated base, according to the method of Becker-André and Hahlbrock, 1989 (see also Fig. 1). The recovery standard was prepared accordi ...
I dc
... X: voltage-like variable Y: voltage recovery variable Z: slow adaptation variable (controlling the transition between the bursting and silent phases) (a=1, b=3, c=1, d=5, s=1, r=0.001, and X0=-1.6) ...
... X: voltage-like variable Y: voltage recovery variable Z: slow adaptation variable (controlling the transition between the bursting and silent phases) (a=1, b=3, c=1, d=5, s=1, r=0.001, and X0=-1.6) ...
Emilia Biffi Editor - Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana
... series focuses on the tools and techniques unique to the investigation of the nervous system and excitable cells. It will not, however, shortchange the concept side of things as care has been taken to integrate these tools within the context of the concepts and questions under investigation. In this ...
... series focuses on the tools and techniques unique to the investigation of the nervous system and excitable cells. It will not, however, shortchange the concept side of things as care has been taken to integrate these tools within the context of the concepts and questions under investigation. In this ...
The Effects of Short-term and Long-term Learning on the Responses
... et al., 2003). Removing parts of the parietal cortex, however, does not seem to affect the learning of new associations or the retention of familiar ones (Pisella et al., 2000; Rushworth, Nixon, & Passingham, 1997). As an example, LIP neurons can become sensitive to colors if they have been arbitrar ...
... et al., 2003). Removing parts of the parietal cortex, however, does not seem to affect the learning of new associations or the retention of familiar ones (Pisella et al., 2000; Rushworth, Nixon, & Passingham, 1997). As an example, LIP neurons can become sensitive to colors if they have been arbitrar ...
Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: voluntary
... allow decay. Changes in normalized tissue activity, integrated over 60 s after arrival of radioactivity into the brain, were used as an estimate of changes in rCBF. Data acquired with a zoom factor of 1.25 were reconstructed with ECAT software using ®ltered back- ...
... allow decay. Changes in normalized tissue activity, integrated over 60 s after arrival of radioactivity into the brain, were used as an estimate of changes in rCBF. Data acquired with a zoom factor of 1.25 were reconstructed with ECAT software using ®ltered back- ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... not only from new methods of exploring the brain, including new neuroanatomical staining techniques and brain imaging methods in humans, but also from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior rela ...
... not only from new methods of exploring the brain, including new neuroanatomical staining techniques and brain imaging methods in humans, but also from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior rela ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.