Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus
... The subjects were 15 cynomolgus monkeys (Macacafascicularis) weighing 2.5-7.5 kg at the time of surgery. The animals were tranquilized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mgkg), anesthetized with Nembutal (35 mgkg), and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Five monkeys received injections of horseradish p ...
... The subjects were 15 cynomolgus monkeys (Macacafascicularis) weighing 2.5-7.5 kg at the time of surgery. The animals were tranquilized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mgkg), anesthetized with Nembutal (35 mgkg), and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Five monkeys received injections of horseradish p ...
Examination of Rhythmicity of Extracellularly Recorded Neurons in the Entorhinal Cortex
... ABSTRACT: A number of studies have examined the theta-rhythmic modulation of neuronal firing in the hippocampal circuit. For extracellular recordings, this is often done by examining spectral properties of the spike-time autocorrelogram, most significantly, for validating the presence or absence of ...
... ABSTRACT: A number of studies have examined the theta-rhythmic modulation of neuronal firing in the hippocampal circuit. For extracellular recordings, this is often done by examining spectral properties of the spike-time autocorrelogram, most significantly, for validating the presence or absence of ...
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
... what events are selected for molecular representation, ·as the abstract from experience which is to form the basis of action. However, we shall not enter into this here, except as it reflects on the problem of representing events; nor shall we enter into the analogies between the analysis just descr ...
... what events are selected for molecular representation, ·as the abstract from experience which is to form the basis of action. However, we shall not enter into this here, except as it reflects on the problem of representing events; nor shall we enter into the analogies between the analysis just descr ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... neural network activity underlying visual attention (Cohen and Maunsell, 2009; Mitchell et al., 2009; Ruff and Cohen, 2014). We previously found that decorrelating the spiking activity of single neurons by shuffling trial order led to improvements in the decoding accuracy of visual attention across ...
... neural network activity underlying visual attention (Cohen and Maunsell, 2009; Mitchell et al., 2009; Ruff and Cohen, 2014). We previously found that decorrelating the spiking activity of single neurons by shuffling trial order led to improvements in the decoding accuracy of visual attention across ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... a) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse. Correct. Neurotransmitters are chemicals. b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system. c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane. Incorrect. The neurotransmi ...
... a) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse. Correct. Neurotransmitters are chemicals. b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system. c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane. Incorrect. The neurotransmi ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... the this possibility, in the Kim et al.24 study, it was found that both medial and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissoc ...
... the this possibility, in the Kim et al.24 study, it was found that both medial and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissoc ...
USC Brain Project Specific Aims
... = primary visual cortex = striate cortex (in contrast to higher, “extrastriate” areas). ...
... = primary visual cortex = striate cortex (in contrast to higher, “extrastriate” areas). ...
Scrapie in the central nervous system
... 10 y4 units at 98 days p.i., then increased gradually by about 10-fold between 119 and 224 days p.i. Infectivityin optic nerves also increased rapidly between 98 and 140 days p.i., although there was evidence of a low level of infectivity in optic nerve from 21 days p.i. Between one and five of the ...
... 10 y4 units at 98 days p.i., then increased gradually by about 10-fold between 119 and 224 days p.i. Infectivityin optic nerves also increased rapidly between 98 and 140 days p.i., although there was evidence of a low level of infectivity in optic nerve from 21 days p.i. Between one and five of the ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... Recording took place on two separate days: once in normal physiological homeostasis, and 24 h later in a novel sodium-depleted state of salt appetite (induced overnight). Neural activity was recorded on one day in normal homeostasis and on another day after sodium depletion, using multiwire electrod ...
... Recording took place on two separate days: once in normal physiological homeostasis, and 24 h later in a novel sodium-depleted state of salt appetite (induced overnight). Neural activity was recorded on one day in normal homeostasis and on another day after sodium depletion, using multiwire electrod ...
THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... cognitive effects? Cultured hippocampal neurons overexpressing Met-BDNF tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been shown to have three main phenotypes: impairments in intracellular trafficking, particularly to distal dendrites; failure of synaptic targeting of BDNF-containing vesicles; an ...
... cognitive effects? Cultured hippocampal neurons overexpressing Met-BDNF tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been shown to have three main phenotypes: impairments in intracellular trafficking, particularly to distal dendrites; failure of synaptic targeting of BDNF-containing vesicles; an ...
Sample
... b) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the length of the axon c) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within the axonal membrane Incorrect. The opening of ion channels promotes a positive internal charge, not a negative one. d) the transmission of neurona ...
... b) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the length of the axon c) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within the axonal membrane Incorrect. The opening of ion channels promotes a positive internal charge, not a negative one. d) the transmission of neurona ...
Comparison of population coherence of place cells in hippocampal
... in accordance with NIH guidelines on the use of experimental animals and were approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Twelve tetrodes were lowered to CA3, and 6 tetrodes were lowered to CA1. We specifically targeted the middle ...
... in accordance with NIH guidelines on the use of experimental animals and were approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Twelve tetrodes were lowered to CA3, and 6 tetrodes were lowered to CA1. We specifically targeted the middle ...
Session 230 IOP Measurement and characterization I
... Institute, Chevy Chase, MD. Purpose: The nervous system is important in controlling intraocular pressure (IOP), however the precise mechanisms of neural control need further evaluation. The mouse enables functional experiments and so we are characterizing limbal innervation in mice. To understand ne ...
... Institute, Chevy Chase, MD. Purpose: The nervous system is important in controlling intraocular pressure (IOP), however the precise mechanisms of neural control need further evaluation. The mouse enables functional experiments and so we are characterizing limbal innervation in mice. To understand ne ...
Imaging Auditory Representations of Song and Syllables in
... approved by Duke University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Results were collected from a total of 51 adult (⬎90 d post hatch) male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Retrograde labeling of HVC projection neurons. For n ⫽ 48 birds, 7% AlexaFluor-594 dextran (10,000 MW, Invitrogen) or ...
... approved by Duke University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Results were collected from a total of 51 adult (⬎90 d post hatch) male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Retrograde labeling of HVC projection neurons. For n ⫽ 48 birds, 7% AlexaFluor-594 dextran (10,000 MW, Invitrogen) or ...
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
... BDNF–TrkB signaling has been shown to be necessary for various aspects of fear conditioning and extinction in all three of the regions implicated in PTSD: the amygdala, the hippocampus and the PFC [61–73]. In the amygdala, BDNF transcription is increased during the consolidation period 2 hours after ...
... BDNF–TrkB signaling has been shown to be necessary for various aspects of fear conditioning and extinction in all three of the regions implicated in PTSD: the amygdala, the hippocampus and the PFC [61–73]. In the amygdala, BDNF transcription is increased during the consolidation period 2 hours after ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... The axon has a presynaptic terminal were neurotransmitters (chemical synapse) or sodium ions required for an membrane potential (electric synapse) are transferred via the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic terminal (spine, Figure 1, stage 5) present at dendrites of receiving neurons or for instance ...
... The axon has a presynaptic terminal were neurotransmitters (chemical synapse) or sodium ions required for an membrane potential (electric synapse) are transferred via the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic terminal (spine, Figure 1, stage 5) present at dendrites of receiving neurons or for instance ...
... antisera upon tissue sections. This approach has been used to demonstrate brain-directed autoantibodies in sera from patients with paraneoplastic neurological diseases [13], Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS) [14], and as an investigative tool for demonstrating autoimmunity in a wide range of other CNS and ...
Anatomical origins of ocular dominance in mouse primary visual cortex
... Retina—Areas for regions of binocular correspondence were defined as previously described (Dräger and Olsen, 1980). The vertical meridian (which corresponds to the line of decussation, see Figure 1A) was easily identifiable because the ventrotemporal crescent (VTC) (i.e. the ipsilaterally projecting ...
... Retina—Areas for regions of binocular correspondence were defined as previously described (Dräger and Olsen, 1980). The vertical meridian (which corresponds to the line of decussation, see Figure 1A) was easily identifiable because the ventrotemporal crescent (VTC) (i.e. the ipsilaterally projecting ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... cerebrospinal fluid or via perfusion of appropriate spinal or brain sites was helpful with formulating Feldberg’s notion (Feldberg, 1945; Bulbring and Burn, 1941). A digression is warranted. Although Zenon Bacq had already employed chemical identification of endogenous ACh in 1935, his method was comp ...
... cerebrospinal fluid or via perfusion of appropriate spinal or brain sites was helpful with formulating Feldberg’s notion (Feldberg, 1945; Bulbring and Burn, 1941). A digression is warranted. Although Zenon Bacq had already employed chemical identification of endogenous ACh in 1935, his method was comp ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... soma and dendrites are located in the mesothoracic ganglion, and two axons project throughout the whole CNS with extensive varicose arborizations that are bilateral in every ganglion except the brain. Arrow in brain indicates anterior branch of CDI stained in two of six stainings of its axon in the ...
... soma and dendrites are located in the mesothoracic ganglion, and two axons project throughout the whole CNS with extensive varicose arborizations that are bilateral in every ganglion except the brain. Arrow in brain indicates anterior branch of CDI stained in two of six stainings of its axon in the ...
Image-based Screening Identifies Novel Roles for I B Kinase and
... the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and calcium influx is also an important step (7–9). Axon degeneration is thought to be an early, important step in the pathologic progression and morbidity in diseases of the peripheral and central nervous systems including diabetic neuropathy, Parkinson disease, and ...
... the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and calcium influx is also an important step (7–9). Axon degeneration is thought to be an early, important step in the pathologic progression and morbidity in diseases of the peripheral and central nervous systems including diabetic neuropathy, Parkinson disease, and ...
Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude
... sounds . This potential is also known as the envelope following response (EFR ; Dolphin and Mountain, 1992), auditory steady-state response (ASSR, Picton et al, 1987), and auditory steadystate evoked potential (SSEP ; Rickards et al, 1994). The AMFR can be recorded from the scalp in response to sinu ...
... sounds . This potential is also known as the envelope following response (EFR ; Dolphin and Mountain, 1992), auditory steady-state response (ASSR, Picton et al, 1987), and auditory steadystate evoked potential (SSEP ; Rickards et al, 1994). The AMFR can be recorded from the scalp in response to sinu ...
Loss of MECP2 leads to telomere dysfunction and
... that 5hmC levels appear to be disturbed in MECP2 null hiPSCs, we sought to determine ...
... that 5hmC levels appear to be disturbed in MECP2 null hiPSCs, we sought to determine ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... how such behaviour depends on the choice set, has long been of interest in economics. Block and Marschak (1960) first laid out a necessary regularity condition for the existence of a random utility representation, under which the probability of choosing an alternative must not increase as more alter ...
... how such behaviour depends on the choice set, has long been of interest in economics. Block and Marschak (1960) first laid out a necessary regularity condition for the existence of a random utility representation, under which the probability of choosing an alternative must not increase as more alter ...
Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early
... polysynaptically connected brain regions.19 This structural backbone encompasses a number of cortical regions that are especially well developed in primates, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC).21–23 Although it widely believed that the synchronized flow ...
... polysynaptically connected brain regions.19 This structural backbone encompasses a number of cortical regions that are especially well developed in primates, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC).21–23 Although it widely believed that the synchronized flow ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.