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... a decade of research on retrograde synaptic signaling in these networks to be considered as functional characteristics of endocannabinoid signaling. The substrate of retrograde signaling and DSI is the predominantly presynaptic distribution of CB1 receptors on axon terminals in the hippocampus (188) ...
... a decade of research on retrograde synaptic signaling in these networks to be considered as functional characteristics of endocannabinoid signaling. The substrate of retrograde signaling and DSI is the predominantly presynaptic distribution of CB1 receptors on axon terminals in the hippocampus (188) ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... Johanness Purkinje (1787–1869). Later came the pioneering discovery by Camillo Golgi (1843–1956) who developed method for visualization of neurons which lead Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) to propose the concept that the nervous system is made of individual units and not just continuous mass of ...
... Johanness Purkinje (1787–1869). Later came the pioneering discovery by Camillo Golgi (1843–1956) who developed method for visualization of neurons which lead Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) to propose the concept that the nervous system is made of individual units and not just continuous mass of ...
Gene Dosage in the Dysbindin Schizophrenia Susceptibility
... networks to influence neuronal traits, ranging from simple synapse mechanisms to complex behaviors (Kendler and Greenspan, 2006). These networks have been studied through single gene disruptions, which provide fundamental insight into the necessity and sufficiency of a single gene product for a neur ...
... networks to influence neuronal traits, ranging from simple synapse mechanisms to complex behaviors (Kendler and Greenspan, 2006). These networks have been studied through single gene disruptions, which provide fundamental insight into the necessity and sufficiency of a single gene product for a neur ...
Soghomonian J.J., Sethares C., and Peters, A
... axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age (Peters et al., 2008). Whether there is a similar loss of inhibitory axosomatic synapses from this cortex has not been determined, but a study in primate motor cortex suggests that axosomatic synapses are no ...
... axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age (Peters et al., 2008). Whether there is a similar loss of inhibitory axosomatic synapses from this cortex has not been determined, but a study in primate motor cortex suggests that axosomatic synapses are no ...
J Comp Neurol 2000 Lavenex - University of California, Berkeley
... male and female adult eastern gray squirrels in Pennsylvania, at three times of the year: in October 1996, January 1997, and June 1997. October corresponded to the peak of the caching season, but did not coincide with either breeding season. In January, caching was completed but squirrels were still ...
... male and female adult eastern gray squirrels in Pennsylvania, at three times of the year: in October 1996, January 1997, and June 1997. October corresponded to the peak of the caching season, but did not coincide with either breeding season. In January, caching was completed but squirrels were still ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... Natural disaster can occur in all countries of the world. Now Japan suffers triple disasters: massive earthquake, vast tsunami and the world`s worst nuclear crisis. The victims with fear in their minds deeply might fall into fear-related disorders in future. Fear is a conserved emotion in response t ...
... Natural disaster can occur in all countries of the world. Now Japan suffers triple disasters: massive earthquake, vast tsunami and the world`s worst nuclear crisis. The victims with fear in their minds deeply might fall into fear-related disorders in future. Fear is a conserved emotion in response t ...
Auditory working memory: contributions of lateral prefrontal cortex
... prefrontal cortex (lPFC) as a primary area for visual working memory, while another line of research has found the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to be involved. This dissertation used auditory cues and found similar patterns of activity for processing auditory working memory information withi ...
... prefrontal cortex (lPFC) as a primary area for visual working memory, while another line of research has found the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to be involved. This dissertation used auditory cues and found similar patterns of activity for processing auditory working memory information withi ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... involves functional compensation in the affected brain area. We are interested in general mechanisms that underlie compensatory plasticity after brain damage, particularly when multiple brain areas or multiple modalities are included. In this thesis, I studied the function of auditory cortex after r ...
... involves functional compensation in the affected brain area. We are interested in general mechanisms that underlie compensatory plasticity after brain damage, particularly when multiple brain areas or multiple modalities are included. In this thesis, I studied the function of auditory cortex after r ...
Differential GABAB Receptor Modulation of Ethanol Effects on
... lacunosum-moleculare (distal) subfield (Weiner et al., 1997); however, the mechanisms that mediate the differential effect of ethanol on GABA currents evoked at these two pyramidal cell subfields are not well understood. The fact that zolpidem produced a similar enhancement of GABAA IPSCs at both pr ...
... lacunosum-moleculare (distal) subfield (Weiner et al., 1997); however, the mechanisms that mediate the differential effect of ethanol on GABA currents evoked at these two pyramidal cell subfields are not well understood. The fact that zolpidem produced a similar enhancement of GABAA IPSCs at both pr ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... disorders. In the past decade, biological findings on dopamine function have been infused with concepts taken from computational theories of reinforcement learning. These more abstract approaches have now been applied to describe the biological algorithms at play in our brains when we form value jud ...
... disorders. In the past decade, biological findings on dopamine function have been infused with concepts taken from computational theories of reinforcement learning. These more abstract approaches have now been applied to describe the biological algorithms at play in our brains when we form value jud ...
Long lnterfascicular Axon Growth from Embryonic Neurons
... 16 d. Scalebars: A, 500 lrn; B, 100 pm. field type of staining (Fig. 7), which was no less dense or extensive than that produced by transplants of the appropriate, hippocampal cells. In the more ventral sections isolated individual M6-positive donor fibers entered the host postcommissural fornix col ...
... 16 d. Scalebars: A, 500 lrn; B, 100 pm. field type of staining (Fig. 7), which was no less dense or extensive than that produced by transplants of the appropriate, hippocampal cells. In the more ventral sections isolated individual M6-positive donor fibers entered the host postcommissural fornix col ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... not yet been investigated. Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread acro ...
... not yet been investigated. Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread acro ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... nuclei during development; the MNTB remained weakly labelled throughout the investigated period. In my opinion, this is due to a delay in the development of the inhibitory machinery in the MNTB in comparison to the other brain stem nuclei. ...
... nuclei during development; the MNTB remained weakly labelled throughout the investigated period. In my opinion, this is due to a delay in the development of the inhibitory machinery in the MNTB in comparison to the other brain stem nuclei. ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... micro-chromophore-assisted laser inactivation. We found that a greater invasion of microtubules into the peripheral domain occurred when kinesin-5 was inactivated specifically in the transition zone. However, there was no effect on microtubule invasion into the peripheral domain when kinesin-5 was i ...
... micro-chromophore-assisted laser inactivation. We found that a greater invasion of microtubules into the peripheral domain occurred when kinesin-5 was inactivated specifically in the transition zone. However, there was no effect on microtubule invasion into the peripheral domain when kinesin-5 was i ...
Social regulation of aggression by pheromonal activation of Or65a
... to reduce aggression. Social suppression of aggression requires subsets of local interneurons in the antennal lobe. Our results indicate that activation of Or65a ORNs is important for social modulation of male aggression, demonstrate that the acute and chronic effects of a single pheromone are media ...
... to reduce aggression. Social suppression of aggression requires subsets of local interneurons in the antennal lobe. Our results indicate that activation of Or65a ORNs is important for social modulation of male aggression, demonstrate that the acute and chronic effects of a single pheromone are media ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the detection of volatil ...
... Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the detection of volatil ...
The Matrix Protein Hikaru genki Localizes to Cholinergic Synaptic
... Figure 1. Hig localizes in the synaptic clefts of cholinergic synapses in the brain. A, Distribution of Hig in the brain. Frontal sections of the anterior and posterior brain regions are shown. Hig was observed in the entire synaptic region labeled with Brp in the WT brain, whereas Hig signals disap ...
... Figure 1. Hig localizes in the synaptic clefts of cholinergic synapses in the brain. A, Distribution of Hig in the brain. Frontal sections of the anterior and posterior brain regions are shown. Hig was observed in the entire synaptic region labeled with Brp in the WT brain, whereas Hig signals disap ...
Low Quality
... does to survive. “It’s a few more nuts. It’s not worth it. You’d rather be awake avoiding predators,” he says. But sleep must provide some benefit that outweighs waking activities, Krueger says — such as, perhaps, forging connections between neurons. Krueger, in fact, suggests that sleep itself is a ...
... does to survive. “It’s a few more nuts. It’s not worth it. You’d rather be awake avoiding predators,” he says. But sleep must provide some benefit that outweighs waking activities, Krueger says — such as, perhaps, forging connections between neurons. Krueger, in fact, suggests that sleep itself is a ...
Contents
... 50 years. One reason for this is that very few atlases consider cytoarchitecture of the brain in such detail. Furthermore, the subdivision of the brainstem reticular formation, and its associated cell groups, was based on very precise and astute observations after many years of experience in the fie ...
... 50 years. One reason for this is that very few atlases consider cytoarchitecture of the brain in such detail. Furthermore, the subdivision of the brainstem reticular formation, and its associated cell groups, was based on very precise and astute observations after many years of experience in the fie ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... architectonic borders. Quantitative data then can be used for different analyses. For example, the density of neural markers that are differentially expressed across areas, and are thus sensitive in showing architectonic borders, can be used to construct “fingerprints” of areas. If adjacent areas lo ...
... architectonic borders. Quantitative data then can be used for different analyses. For example, the density of neural markers that are differentially expressed across areas, and are thus sensitive in showing architectonic borders, can be used to construct “fingerprints” of areas. If adjacent areas lo ...
The central nervous system.
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... by the other, choice-irrelevant type of evidence (Supplementary Table 1). Moreover, inspection of the data at the subject-level and non-parametric statistical analyses revealed that the effects of tACS were present in the vast majority of the subjects and were not due to the influence of outliers (Su ...
... by the other, choice-irrelevant type of evidence (Supplementary Table 1). Moreover, inspection of the data at the subject-level and non-parametric statistical analyses revealed that the effects of tACS were present in the vast majority of the subjects and were not due to the influence of outliers (Su ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... anesthetized with chloralose and four with alphaxolone/alphadolone (Saffan, Glaxo). Chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg iv) was preceded by ketamine (50 mg im) and supplemented with intravenous pentobarbital sodium as necessary. Animals that received Saffan anesthesia (12–18 mg/kg iv) were first tranqui ...
... anesthetized with chloralose and four with alphaxolone/alphadolone (Saffan, Glaxo). Chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg iv) was preceded by ketamine (50 mg im) and supplemented with intravenous pentobarbital sodium as necessary. Animals that received Saffan anesthesia (12–18 mg/kg iv) were first tranqui ...
The importance of Wnt signalling for neurodegeneration in
... and ROCK is Rho-associated kinase. These numerous pathways underline the complexity of Wnt signalling. In humans, 19 Wnt ligands, ten Fz receptors and numerous co-receptors have been described, with the expression of each component under exquisite spatiotemporal control. The simultaneous activation ...
... and ROCK is Rho-associated kinase. These numerous pathways underline the complexity of Wnt signalling. In humans, 19 Wnt ligands, ten Fz receptors and numerous co-receptors have been described, with the expression of each component under exquisite spatiotemporal control. The simultaneous activation ...
The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical
... This procedure has in part been described previously (Darracq et al., 1996; Gervasoni et al., 1998, 2000, Soulière et al., 2000). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (280-320g, n=25, IFFA Credo, France) were anaesthetized with pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, i.p.) and mounted conventionally in a stereotaxic frame (Da ...
... This procedure has in part been described previously (Darracq et al., 1996; Gervasoni et al., 1998, 2000, Soulière et al., 2000). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (280-320g, n=25, IFFA Credo, France) were anaesthetized with pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, i.p.) and mounted conventionally in a stereotaxic frame (Da ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.