The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... tuning, and masking. These phenomena cannot be explained by the classical center–surround receptive field and have been ascribed to a variety of mechanisms, including feedback from cortex. We asked whether these phenomena might all be explained by a single mechanism, contrast gain control, which is ...
... tuning, and masking. These phenomena cannot be explained by the classical center–surround receptive field and have been ascribed to a variety of mechanisms, including feedback from cortex. We asked whether these phenomena might all be explained by a single mechanism, contrast gain control, which is ...
Chapter 29 - krigolson teaching
... from one object to another. These movements or saccades bring the high resolution of the fovea to bear on different regions of the visual field, exploiting the high density of photoreceptors in the central fovea. Without saccades this high-resolution processing could be achieved only by moving the h ...
... from one object to another. These movements or saccades bring the high resolution of the fovea to bear on different regions of the visual field, exploiting the high density of photoreceptors in the central fovea. Without saccades this high-resolution processing could be achieved only by moving the h ...
Pathfinding by cranial nerve VII (facial) motorneurons
... exit site in R4, it is possible that cells at the R4 exit site secrete a chemoattractant that lures facial motorneurons towards it. Alternatively, local guidance cues within each rhombomere could dictate the paths that facial motorneurons take. To test these two possibilities, we tried to remove the ...
... exit site in R4, it is possible that cells at the R4 exit site secrete a chemoattractant that lures facial motorneurons towards it. Alternatively, local guidance cues within each rhombomere could dictate the paths that facial motorneurons take. To test these two possibilities, we tried to remove the ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... deflection in the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) seen when human participants commit errors in a wide variety of psychological tasks. The ERN appears to be generated in the anterior cingulate cortex. On the other hand, other researchers have argued that the mesencephalic dopamine system conveys ...
... deflection in the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) seen when human participants commit errors in a wide variety of psychological tasks. The ERN appears to be generated in the anterior cingulate cortex. On the other hand, other researchers have argued that the mesencephalic dopamine system conveys ...
Quinto trabajo
... were similar between P3 until the adulthood (Fig. 3A) whereas in the striatum, the maximum levels were detected at P3 decreasing until P15 and maintained until the adulthood (Fig. 3B). When compared to wild-type animals, Bax KO mice showed increased Bim protein levels in both brain areas but at diff ...
... were similar between P3 until the adulthood (Fig. 3A) whereas in the striatum, the maximum levels were detected at P3 decreasing until P15 and maintained until the adulthood (Fig. 3B). When compared to wild-type animals, Bax KO mice showed increased Bim protein levels in both brain areas but at diff ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object within its classical receptive field (RF) equals the attentional weight of the object divided by the sum of the attentional weights across all objects in the RF. Equation 2 of TVA describes how atten ...
... resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object within its classical receptive field (RF) equals the attentional weight of the object divided by the sum of the attentional weights across all objects in the RF. Equation 2 of TVA describes how atten ...
FREE Sample Here
... A) The nervous system depends on a balance between neural excitation and inhibition to function effectively. B) Excitatory effects make an action potential more likely to occur, whereas inhibitory effects make action potentials less likely to occur. C) All neurotransmitters have both excitatory and ...
... A) The nervous system depends on a balance between neural excitation and inhibition to function effectively. B) Excitatory effects make an action potential more likely to occur, whereas inhibitory effects make action potentials less likely to occur. C) All neurotransmitters have both excitatory and ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... formed on the spine head. In the second theory, filopodia also seek out synaptic partners, which form synapses on them not necessarily at the tip (Fiala et al 1998). The filopodium retracts completely, which leads to the formation of an asymmetric shaft synapse. Then a spine emerges at that site wit ...
... formed on the spine head. In the second theory, filopodia also seek out synaptic partners, which form synapses on them not necessarily at the tip (Fiala et al 1998). The filopodium retracts completely, which leads to the formation of an asymmetric shaft synapse. Then a spine emerges at that site wit ...
The cortical connections of area V6: an occipito
... After several months of recording sessions which revealed the location of area V6 (see Galletti et al., 1999b), penetrations were made with a specially devised recording syringe in order to inject neuronal tracers into different parts of V6 (see Fig. 1). The recording syringe was a 1-mL Hamilton syr ...
... After several months of recording sessions which revealed the location of area V6 (see Galletti et al., 1999b), penetrations were made with a specially devised recording syringe in order to inject neuronal tracers into different parts of V6 (see Fig. 1). The recording syringe was a 1-mL Hamilton syr ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... rect interaction and did not need to be hydrolysed into arachidonic acid or to alter the phosphorylation state of the channel. Indeed, anandamide has been shown previously to directly inhibit Shaker-related voltage sensitive K+ -channels at low micromolar concentrations [41]. Although the effect was ...
... rect interaction and did not need to be hydrolysed into arachidonic acid or to alter the phosphorylation state of the channel. Indeed, anandamide has been shown previously to directly inhibit Shaker-related voltage sensitive K+ -channels at low micromolar concentrations [41]. Although the effect was ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... TNF-α is an important modifier of thermoregulation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. More recently, TNF-α has also garnered attention as a significant player in the regulation of cell fate within the nervous system, both in normal brain development and in pathological brain conditio ...
... TNF-α is an important modifier of thermoregulation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. More recently, TNF-α has also garnered attention as a significant player in the regulation of cell fate within the nervous system, both in normal brain development and in pathological brain conditio ...
Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control - Research
... Mogenson et al, 1980). However, recent research has also implicated the dorsal striatum in the control of decisionmaking regulated by reward, particularly the role of the caudate or dorsomedial region of the striatum in the integration of reward-related processes with action control (Balleine et al, ...
... Mogenson et al, 1980). However, recent research has also implicated the dorsal striatum in the control of decisionmaking regulated by reward, particularly the role of the caudate or dorsomedial region of the striatum in the integration of reward-related processes with action control (Balleine et al, ...
Ecology and Echolocation of Bats and Toothed Whales
... Pulses can be emitted at different paces, i.e pulse repetition rates, depending on whether it is searching for prey (low repetition rate: several pulses per second) or closing in on prey (high repetition rate: up to 150 pulses per second) (Covey & Casseday, 1999). Three distinct phases have been rec ...
... Pulses can be emitted at different paces, i.e pulse repetition rates, depending on whether it is searching for prey (low repetition rate: several pulses per second) or closing in on prey (high repetition rate: up to 150 pulses per second) (Covey & Casseday, 1999). Three distinct phases have been rec ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
... Several lines of evidence have led to the theory that subcortical sorting of thalamic axons within the ventral telencephalon largely determines their final targeting within the cortex [16–20]. For example, in mutants in the transcription factor Ebf1 or in the Dlx1/Dlx2 double mutants, a subset of tha ...
... Several lines of evidence have led to the theory that subcortical sorting of thalamic axons within the ventral telencephalon largely determines their final targeting within the cortex [16–20]. For example, in mutants in the transcription factor Ebf1 or in the Dlx1/Dlx2 double mutants, a subset of tha ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... auditory system, the presence of 5-HT alters the activity of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC), but the conditions that influence 5-HT neurotransmission in this region of the brain are unknown. We used in vivo voltammetry to measure extracellular 5-HT in the IC of behaving mice to address this ...
... auditory system, the presence of 5-HT alters the activity of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC), but the conditions that influence 5-HT neurotransmission in this region of the brain are unknown. We used in vivo voltammetry to measure extracellular 5-HT in the IC of behaving mice to address this ...
Number, Density, and Surface/Cytoplasmic
... Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/02/2210251-16$15.00/0 ...
... Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/02/2210251-16$15.00/0 ...
Substance P and Cholecystokinin-like lmmunoreactive Varicosities
... immunoreactivities have been shown to coexist in some, but not all, dorsal root ganglion cell bodies of the rat. Quantitative immunofluorescence techniques were used in the present study to describe densities of substance P- and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive varicosities in several spinal cord ...
... immunoreactivities have been shown to coexist in some, but not all, dorsal root ganglion cell bodies of the rat. Quantitative immunofluorescence techniques were used in the present study to describe densities of substance P- and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive varicosities in several spinal cord ...
Experience-Dependent Sharpening of Visual Shape Selectivity in
... novel objects and showed orientation-dependent responses to objects during image-plane rotation. Kobatake and Tanaka (1998) conducted ITC recordings from anesthetized monkeys and found sharpened tuning for trained compared with novel stimuli. Booth and Rolls (1998) found ITC responses to familiar ob ...
... novel objects and showed orientation-dependent responses to objects during image-plane rotation. Kobatake and Tanaka (1998) conducted ITC recordings from anesthetized monkeys and found sharpened tuning for trained compared with novel stimuli. Booth and Rolls (1998) found ITC responses to familiar ob ...
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and
... neural spikes. Numerous models have been proposed to explain this [14], but few have progressed to a stage of hardware implementation while retaining the essential biological character of neurons. The purpose of this work is to develop new computation architectures that implement a model of neurons ...
... neural spikes. Numerous models have been proposed to explain this [14], but few have progressed to a stage of hardware implementation while retaining the essential biological character of neurons. The purpose of this work is to develop new computation architectures that implement a model of neurons ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... reaching it mainly originates from second and third order sensory processing regions that largely code global rather than specific attributes of a stimulus. For in- ...
... reaching it mainly originates from second and third order sensory processing regions that largely code global rather than specific attributes of a stimulus. For in- ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... cortical synapses in layer 4 of V1 and compare the characteristics of these synapses with those of cortico-cortical synapses in the same layer. The reason for differentiating between particular types of synapses in specific layers is that the visual cortex is very highly organized anatomically, and ...
... cortical synapses in layer 4 of V1 and compare the characteristics of these synapses with those of cortico-cortical synapses in the same layer. The reason for differentiating between particular types of synapses in specific layers is that the visual cortex is very highly organized anatomically, and ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... discordant results have been reported for high potassium-mediated secretion of BDNF from virus-transduced primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and AtT-20 and PC12 cells (Goodman et al., 1996). These authors observed that the high potassium-mediated secretion of BDNF was dependent on extracellular ...
... discordant results have been reported for high potassium-mediated secretion of BDNF from virus-transduced primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and AtT-20 and PC12 cells (Goodman et al., 1996). These authors observed that the high potassium-mediated secretion of BDNF was dependent on extracellular ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
... autonomic nervous system. • 16-5 Describe the mechanisms of parasympathetic neurotransmitter release and their effects on target organs and tissues. • 16-6 Discuss the functional significance of dual innervation and autonomic tone. • 16-7 Describe the hierarchy of interacting levels of control in th ...
... autonomic nervous system. • 16-5 Describe the mechanisms of parasympathetic neurotransmitter release and their effects on target organs and tissues. • 16-6 Discuss the functional significance of dual innervation and autonomic tone. • 16-7 Describe the hierarchy of interacting levels of control in th ...
Lester-Lect to CaltechAssociates-Nov
... 3. Inverse correlation between long-term tobacco smoking and Parkinson’s disease In identical twins discordant for both Parkinson’s disease & smoking, the unaffected twin smoked at a significantly higher rate. In those twins where one or both smoked, The unaffected twin smoked 12 pack-years more. T ...
... 3. Inverse correlation between long-term tobacco smoking and Parkinson’s disease In identical twins discordant for both Parkinson’s disease & smoking, the unaffected twin smoked at a significantly higher rate. In those twins where one or both smoked, The unaffected twin smoked 12 pack-years more. T ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.