Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Metabolic control of puberty
... leptin actions are conducted directly upon GnRH neurons or indirectly, though intermediate afferents; an issue that has remained contentious for years. In fact, initial RT-PCR analyses detected the expression of leptin receptor mRNA in GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells (Magni et al., 1999), which might be ...
... leptin actions are conducted directly upon GnRH neurons or indirectly, though intermediate afferents; an issue that has remained contentious for years. In fact, initial RT-PCR analyses detected the expression of leptin receptor mRNA in GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells (Magni et al., 1999), which might be ...
Pearson SA, Mouihate A, Pittman QJ, Whelan PJ
... times for ENG; 500 –5000 times for EMG), bandpass-filtered (100 Hz–1 kHz), and digitized at 2 kHz (Axon Instruments Digidata 1320, Union City, CA) for future analysis. General protocol. The preparations were allowed to equilibrate in the recording chamber for ⬃1 hr. Then 10 min of control baseline a ...
... times for ENG; 500 –5000 times for EMG), bandpass-filtered (100 Hz–1 kHz), and digitized at 2 kHz (Axon Instruments Digidata 1320, Union City, CA) for future analysis. General protocol. The preparations were allowed to equilibrate in the recording chamber for ⬃1 hr. Then 10 min of control baseline a ...
Rapid Whole Brain Imaging Of Neural Activities In Freely
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Apr. 28, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/131532. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Apr. 28, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/131532. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... 1986). In the snail Helisoma, superfusion of the buccal ganglia with serotonin evokes a biphasic motor pattern (Granzow and Kater 1977) that mediates repetitive swallowing (Arnett 1996). This effect of serotonin can be mimicked by stimulation of the giant serotonergic neuron C1 (Granzow and Kater 19 ...
... 1986). In the snail Helisoma, superfusion of the buccal ganglia with serotonin evokes a biphasic motor pattern (Granzow and Kater 1977) that mediates repetitive swallowing (Arnett 1996). This effect of serotonin can be mimicked by stimulation of the giant serotonergic neuron C1 (Granzow and Kater 19 ...
L-Dopa and Brain Serotonin System Dysfunction
... L-dopa-induced supraphysiologic concentrations of dopamine. Dopamine has long been known to be a potent oxidant [52], as unsequestered dopamine can serve as a pro-oxidant when it auto-oxidizes into quinone species. Alternatively, oxidative stress can be produced when dopamine is metabolized by the e ...
... L-dopa-induced supraphysiologic concentrations of dopamine. Dopamine has long been known to be a potent oxidant [52], as unsequestered dopamine can serve as a pro-oxidant when it auto-oxidizes into quinone species. Alternatively, oxidative stress can be produced when dopamine is metabolized by the e ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
... and transmit electrical signals critical for normal brain function. Here, we review the intricate organization of axonal membrane domains that facilitate rapid action potential conduction underlying communication between complex neuronal circuits. Two critical excitable domains of vertebrate axons a ...
... and transmit electrical signals critical for normal brain function. Here, we review the intricate organization of axonal membrane domains that facilitate rapid action potential conduction underlying communication between complex neuronal circuits. Two critical excitable domains of vertebrate axons a ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... release of a chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that carries the information between cells. In order for synapses to be effective at repeated signalling, neurotransmitters must be transient signals, otherwise they would accumulate in the extracellular space and activate receptors continuously. ...
... release of a chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that carries the information between cells. In order for synapses to be effective at repeated signalling, neurotransmitters must be transient signals, otherwise they would accumulate in the extracellular space and activate receptors continuously. ...
Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy
... Kindling model: repeated subconvulsive stimuli resulting in electrical afterdischarges • Eventually lead to stimulation-induced clinical seizures • In some cases, lead to spontaneous seizures (epilepsy) • Applicability to human epilepsy uncertain ...
... Kindling model: repeated subconvulsive stimuli resulting in electrical afterdischarges • Eventually lead to stimulation-induced clinical seizures • In some cases, lead to spontaneous seizures (epilepsy) • Applicability to human epilepsy uncertain ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... The nuclear regions of the amygdala outside the CeN are described according to the nomenclature of Price, Amaral and colleagues (Price et al., 1987; Amaral et al., 1992). The lateral nucleus is composed of dorsal, dorsal intermediate, ventral and ventral intermediate subdivisions which are recognize ...
... The nuclear regions of the amygdala outside the CeN are described according to the nomenclature of Price, Amaral and colleagues (Price et al., 1987; Amaral et al., 1992). The lateral nucleus is composed of dorsal, dorsal intermediate, ventral and ventral intermediate subdivisions which are recognize ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... species. In cynomolgus monkey (Fig. I), primary motor cortex (area 4) contained the greatest density of TH-labeled fibers. Other motor regions such as premotor cortex (area 6) were also densely innervated. Fiber density decreased in the more rostra1 prefrontal cortex. Among these regions, dorsomedia ...
... species. In cynomolgus monkey (Fig. I), primary motor cortex (area 4) contained the greatest density of TH-labeled fibers. Other motor regions such as premotor cortex (area 6) were also densely innervated. Fiber density decreased in the more rostra1 prefrontal cortex. Among these regions, dorsomedia ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... will be compared. This emphasis on these cortical afferent systems stems from our own work which first demonstrated a developmental role for acetylcholine in cortical morphogenesis and subsequently in adult cognitive behaviors in mouse [7,89]. In the process of reviewing the relevant literature and ...
... will be compared. This emphasis on these cortical afferent systems stems from our own work which first demonstrated a developmental role for acetylcholine in cortical morphogenesis and subsequently in adult cognitive behaviors in mouse [7,89]. In the process of reviewing the relevant literature and ...
Laminar Selectivity of the Cholinergic Suppression of Synaptic
... synaptic transmission due to ACh released from neurons of the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca is represented by (I - $C,) in s. l-m (L,,) and by (I - $C,) in s. rad (R,,). The summed output of region CA 1 [Zg(cA,a,)] decreases the level of cholinergic modulation from th ...
... synaptic transmission due to ACh released from neurons of the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca is represented by (I - $C,) in s. l-m (L,,) and by (I - $C,) in s. rad (R,,). The summed output of region CA 1 [Zg(cA,a,)] decreases the level of cholinergic modulation from th ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... Glia are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian nervous system and they have vital roles in neural development, function and health. However our understanding of the biology of glia is in its infancy. How do glia develop and interact with neurons? How diverse are glial populations? What are th ...
... Glia are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian nervous system and they have vital roles in neural development, function and health. However our understanding of the biology of glia is in its infancy. How do glia develop and interact with neurons? How diverse are glial populations? What are th ...
Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia
... Recent evidence indicates that brain resident macrophages, microglial cells, are essential for the proper wiring of neuronal networks at postnatal periods 1, 2. The critical process of developmental elimination of inappropriate synapses involves the phagocytic activity of microglia 3, 4, however, th ...
... Recent evidence indicates that brain resident macrophages, microglial cells, are essential for the proper wiring of neuronal networks at postnatal periods 1, 2. The critical process of developmental elimination of inappropriate synapses involves the phagocytic activity of microglia 3, 4, however, th ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... 8. If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the ___________ area of the brain. a) hippocampus b) hypothalamus c) fornix d) amygdala ...
... 8. If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the ___________ area of the brain. a) hippocampus b) hypothalamus c) fornix d) amygdala ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... Neuroplasticity has become a major focus in contemporary neurobiology. It is widely studied at several levels--subcellular, cellular, neuronal systems, behavioral--and from various viewpoints--anatomical, biochemical and physiological. The topics most closely associated with neuroplasticity are (a) ...
... Neuroplasticity has become a major focus in contemporary neurobiology. It is widely studied at several levels--subcellular, cellular, neuronal systems, behavioral--and from various viewpoints--anatomical, biochemical and physiological. The topics most closely associated with neuroplasticity are (a) ...
Author`s personal copy - Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives
... in PD patients (Dostrovsky et al., 2000) and sup ported by computational models (Johnson and McIntyre, 2008). On the other hand, no clear time-lock has been observed in another study on MPTP-treated monkeys (McCairn and Turner, 2009), where the majority of GPi and GPe neu rons responded to repeate ...
... in PD patients (Dostrovsky et al., 2000) and sup ported by computational models (Johnson and McIntyre, 2008). On the other hand, no clear time-lock has been observed in another study on MPTP-treated monkeys (McCairn and Turner, 2009), where the majority of GPi and GPe neu rons responded to repeate ...
Chapter 11 PowerPoint Slides PDF - CM
... impacts CNS and especially spinal cord; can result in deformity and paralysis ...
... impacts CNS and especially spinal cord; can result in deformity and paralysis ...
Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Guidance in the Mouse Optic Chiasm
... At E12.5, the first RGC axons enter the brain in which they establish the correct position and shape of the optic chiasm. These early axons grow into the diencephalon and then course ventrally before extending toward the midline along the border of the CD44/SSEA neurons (Marcus and Mason, 1995) (Fig ...
... At E12.5, the first RGC axons enter the brain in which they establish the correct position and shape of the optic chiasm. These early axons grow into the diencephalon and then course ventrally before extending toward the midline along the border of the CD44/SSEA neurons (Marcus and Mason, 1995) (Fig ...
- White Rose Research Online
... interneurons forming most of the remaining cell population. Despite their comparatively small number, the GABAergic fastspiking interneurons (FSIs) in particular exert a very strong influence on the MSNs [20–22], receive input from similar sources, and are interconnected by both chemical synapses an ...
... interneurons forming most of the remaining cell population. Despite their comparatively small number, the GABAergic fastspiking interneurons (FSIs) in particular exert a very strong influence on the MSNs [20–22], receive input from similar sources, and are interconnected by both chemical synapses an ...
Human Feature Extraction – The Role of the Articulatory Rhythm
... within a neuron, generated by the ion flow, a neuron can be set to a ‘state’, where it emits a train of electrical pulses. These pulses are transported via dendrites to other neurons, where they steer as input the ion flow. The algorithm modeling the ion flow are computational too expensive to simul ...
... within a neuron, generated by the ion flow, a neuron can be set to a ‘state’, where it emits a train of electrical pulses. These pulses are transported via dendrites to other neurons, where they steer as input the ion flow. The algorithm modeling the ion flow are computational too expensive to simul ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... monkeys, was showing that several, now well identified, different full representations of bodily movements in BA6 (Graziano & Aflalo, 2007; Dum & Strick, 2002), functionally separated from BA4. The group of Rizzolatti and coworkers focused its attention on the functional properties of neurons in the ...
... monkeys, was showing that several, now well identified, different full representations of bodily movements in BA6 (Graziano & Aflalo, 2007; Dum & Strick, 2002), functionally separated from BA4. The group of Rizzolatti and coworkers focused its attention on the functional properties of neurons in the ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... a) occipital; lobitical b) oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells c) occipital; Schwann d) oligodendrocytes; lobitical 2. ____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will se ...
... a) occipital; lobitical b) oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells c) occipital; Schwann d) oligodendrocytes; lobitical 2. ____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will se ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.